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| 1 |
ID:
155931
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| Summary/Abstract |
The China–Singapore relationship withstood some major disruptions in 2016, a highly unusual year in the history of the relationship. This article offers a comprehensive examination of China’s changing attitudes towards Singapore as reflected in the wide-ranging reactions across various segments of the Chinese society to the relational tensions in 2016. It reviews the events that disrupted the relationship, identifies seven major areas of disagreement and controversy between China and Singapore, examines the diverse Chinese debates about Singapore, and outlines major challenges for the future of the relationship. Although some of these disruptions in 2016 were incidental and may be explained by tactical misunderstandings and misperception, deeper strategic causes were also at play and may resurface in the future.
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| 2 |
ID:
155936
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| Summary/Abstract |
Pawnbrokers in China, like those in many other countries, not only provide financial intermediation services to individuals and households to finance the shortfall between consumption and income in the short term, but also serve as a supplementary financing channel for private entrepreneurs and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that face difficulty in obtaining formal credit. This article uses first-hand 2008–2009 survey data from Zhejiang province—one of the pioneering regions in China to develop the pawnbroking business—to study the special characteristics of the pawnbroking industry and explain why it has become a viable and useful financing instrument in transitional China. It also examines the puzzle of widespread losses and serious setbacks in the industry during the 2008–2009 global financial crisis, to which the authors attributed the increased default rate of export-oriented SMEs that reduced their demand for pawnbroking loans. The pawnbroking industry’s strict regulations and low litigation efficiency in China also increased pawnshops’ operation costs of handling defaults, leading to a temporary setback of an otherwise rapidly growing pawnbroking business during the 2008–2009 crisis. However, the pawnbroking industry will continue to play an important role in financing SMEs in China in the foreseeable future.
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| 3 |
ID:
155935
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Despite the surge in interest in the educational attainment of Chinese political leaders over the past decade, previous studies have primarily focused on the highest educational degree obtained. There is a paucity of quantitative assessment on the educational dynamics of Chinese political leaders. This article attempts to trace the educational trajectories of 1,891 Chinese provincial leaders from 1990 to 2013 by distinguishing full-time education from the highest educational status attained, and by delineating the route of educational advancement. The interpretation of the empirical findings is able to better explain the elite transformation of provincial leaders in reform-era China and the corresponding changing political legitimacy.
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| 4 |
ID:
155939
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| Summary/Abstract |
China’s fishing industry has developed substantially since the reform era. Its growing fishing capacity has led to degradation of the marine environment. However, fishing has become a key component in China’s maritime claims of sovereignty. The evolving concepts of sovereignty, territorial rights and fishing rights imply that fishing has become more “sovereignised”. Successful fishery management is also an indication of states’ efficacy to exercise two aspects of internal sovereignty—effective domestic governance and economic interdependence. A historical incident in the 1930s shows that fishing has long been deemed a critical constituent in China’s exercise of sovereignty. Yet, with the tribunal ruling on the South China Sea arbitration that overturns China’s historic rights argument, of which fishing is a critical constituent, China needs to recalibrate its fishing rights and maritime claims.
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| 5 |
ID:
155932
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| Summary/Abstract |
The current Chinese leadership that assumed power in late 2012 has launched an anti-corruption campaign that is unprecedented in magnitude. The sheer number of high-level officials cracked down by the Communist Party’s disciplinary body prompts a much speculated question in China studies: how do the dynamics of informal networks affect the Party’s disciplinary punishment of senior cadres? This article initiates the answering of this question with systematic evidence. The authors highlight the threat of rectification campaigns hanging over the bureaucratic system and thus inducing officials to attach themselves to powerful patrons whose protection offers pivotal career security for lower-level clients. Based on the authors’ findings from a sample of over 500 provincial officials in office when the current campaign started, those tied to incumbent members of the Politburo Standing Committee were less likely to be investigated for corruption than those without such ties. Factional ties with retired members of the same body, however, did not provide similar protection. The authors’ analysis helps explain the pervasiveness of personal dependence and factional activities in China’s political system and also sheds light on the complex interaction of informal rules and formal institutions in authoritarian regimes.
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| 6 |
ID:
155934
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| Summary/Abstract |
Based on quantitative and normative analyses, this article finds that China’s military budget in the post-Mao era benefits from the central government’s advantageous position in national revenue distribution under the 1994 tax-sharing scheme. Memoirs of political and military elites have shown that military needs were actually a major concern for the launch of tax reform, which subsequently facilitated changes in the fund allotment of the People’s Liberation Army from Deng Xiaoping’s “military shall endure” (军队要忍耐 jundui yao rennai) approach, to “self-improving, self-developing” (自我完善 自我发展 ziwo wanshan ziwo fazhan) commercialisation, and to Jiang Zemin’s “eating imperial grain” (吃皇粮 chi huangliang) reform.
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| 7 |
ID:
155933
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This article reconstructs the origins, typology and implications of extrajudicial incarceration as a political phenomenon during the Cultural Revolution. It analyses the “cowshed” based on its various founders and functions at different stages of the Cultural Revolution, and argues that the Party committees, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and the revolutionary committees, i.e. the arms of the state, played a role no less significant than student Red Guards in confining and torturing innocent people. The article emphasises that the cowshed was distinct for its pervasive, decentred, arbitrary and spontaneous characteristics; however, the exertion of direct popular justice without formal intermediation in China was an alternative form of state violence through outsourcing the state power.
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| 8 |
ID:
155938
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| Summary/Abstract |
Is the shift in regime identification from the Chinese government to the Taiwanese government a universal phenomenon among Chinese students in Taiwan? This article examines and finds evidence of Chinese students’ political attitudes by conducting a two-wave survey based on the political socialisation approach. The results indicated that the regime identification of Chinese students on a scale of –10 to 10 was, on average, 0.68 higher four months after their arrival in Taiwan than when they first arrived. The regression model developed in this study accounted for 34.37 per cent of the variance in the degree of shift in students’ regime identification. Seven of the eight formulated hypotheses were also supported.
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| 9 |
ID:
155937
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| Summary/Abstract |
Using a provincial panel data set taking advantage of the time variations brought about by the 1994 fiscal reform, this study provides empirical evidence to the hypothesis that the level of public service improves when local governments enjoy a certain degree of fiscal autonomy. China is the ideal region for this identification strategy since it has experienced various changes in the central–local fiscal relationships during its economic transition. Besides the ordinary least squares estimation, the instrumental variables approach is also applied to address the problems of measurement error in fiscal decentralisation indexes. This research lends empirical support to the literature, which argues that decentralisation improves the delivery of public services.
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