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CONTROL MECHANISMS (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   184030


China's tourism crisis during the pandemic: new approaches and transformation of the "zero-covid" policy / Zaklyazminskaya, Yekaterina   Journal Article
Yekaterina ZAKLYAZMINSKAYA Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract In 2020 and 2021, the global tourism sector underwent profound transformations. Global lockdowns, border closures, and restrictions on the movement of citizens led to a recession in the tourism industry and to long-term negative consequences for the global economy. The pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of the sector, insufficient government support, excessive fragmentation, and the lack of experience in effectively dealing with new risks and threats.
Key Words China  ;  Tourism  ;  Pandemic  ;  Control Mechanisms  ;  COVID-19  ;  Zero-COVID Strategy. 
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2
ID:   156549


Regaining control of errant agents? agency slack at the European commission and the World Health Organization / Heldt, Eugenia   Journal Article
Heldt, Eugenia Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract Under which conditions are principals able to regain control when agency slack has occured? While existing research highlights a number of important factors related to the conditions under which agents engage in slack, scholars have to a less extent investigated which causal mechanisms affect the ability of states to regain control of their errant agents. Extending the principal–agent literature, this contribution argues that the ability of principals to regain control of their agents depends on three causal mechanisms: the type of monitoring mechanisms; the extent of fragmentation within an international organization; and the credibility of sanctions available to member states. To illustrate this argument, I compare two cases of agency slack: at the European Commission during the Eurozone crisis in 2015; and at the World Health Organization in the 1990s. The findings suggest that regaining control of runaway agents after slack has occurred is easier when there is a low level of fragmentation within an organization and states have centralized monitoring mechanisms and credible sanction mechanisms, such as budgetary contractions, at their disposal.
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