| Summary/Abstract |
India has been facing multiple internal security challenges for more
than 60 years. These challenges have assumed five forms: ethnic/
tribal insurgencies in the North-East variously demanding secession
or autonomy; left-wing extremism (LWE) seeking to overthrow the
democratic political system; militancy arising out of perceived politicoreligious
grievances in Punjab; a combination of an insurgency actively
fuelled by Pakistan and terrorism perpetrated by Pakistani terrorist
groups in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K); and Islamist terrorism in the
hinterland. Despite sustained police/military operations as well as social,
economic and political measures to address perceived grievances and
empower estranged sections of the populations in these areas, many or
most of these challenges have continued to persist. These internal security
challenges have endured, and sometimes increased, due to a combination
of factors unique to each case.
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