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ID:
160307
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most important maritime highways in international trade and a marine traffic hub at the western end of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This essay examines the role of Mediterranean countries in the construction and realization of the Twenty-First Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, one of the BRI's two main components. China's maritime activity in the Mediterranean Sea and its shores consists mainly of constructing and operating ports or railways. The investments in sea-lanes and railways complement each other and jointly open new trade links between China and the Eurasia-Africa zone. However, the implementation of a Maritime Silk Road via the Mediterranean Sea cannot succeed unless there is a way to bridge the gap between economic interests and the capacity to protect those interests.
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| 2 |
ID:
160308
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| Summary/Abstract |
Morocco's approach to implementing projects that preserve its multicultural identity integrates opportunities to advance sustainable development. The strategy is to identify ways to not only preserve culturally significant locations and knowledge but to also advance livelihoods, health, and education. The restoration of the Jewish cemeteries in Morocco, and growing adjacent to them community fruit tree nurseries, provides a vivid example of this model of linking multiculturalism and sustainable development. A different example involving the restoration of the historic mellah neighborhood in Marrakech presents the need to better galvanize community participation. Project experiences in the city of Essaouira will be introduced to help further illuminate these themes. Finally, the essay provides recommendations to improve the application of Morocco's cultural-development integrated model.
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| 3 |
ID:
160306
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| Summary/Abstract |
This essay analyses the role of public opinion in the formation of US and Turkish policy toward the conflict in Syria. The United States and Turkey were chosen because they are key players in the Syrian conflict. In both countries, public opinion played a role in the formation of foreign policy. As North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, they could be expected to act along similar lines. Moreover, despite seemingly different contexts, public opinion in both the United States and Turkey was reluctant to support a more intense involvement in the Syrian conflict. However, there was a visible shift in public opinion after the involvement in Syria started to be framed as a fight against terrorism, mostly referring to the so-called Islamic State and, in Turkey's case, Kurdish groups.
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| 4 |
ID:
160305
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| Summary/Abstract |
This essay examines the impact of Turkey's growing international links to China, Russia, and other non-Western powers on democratic backsliding by the administration of Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The essay finds that China's and Russia's growing engagement with Turkey since the middle of the first decade of the 2000s, coupled with Turkey's stalled bid for European Union membership, played an important role in deleveraging Western democratizing influence on Turkey. This shift in the international balance opened a window of opportunity for the Erdogan administration to engage in backsliding activities and proved to be a more significant driver for backsliding than other common predictors.
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