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ID: 174664

Identity vs. Interests: Turkey Looks East / Azad, Shirzad

Azad, Shirzad	Journal Article
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Since the ascendancy of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2002, Turkey has critically reappraised its foreign‐policy priorities. Led by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Turkish political establishment has reset its conventional pattern of foreign‐policy behavior by distancing the country from the West in favor of better connections to other regions. Turkey has not abandoned its long‐cherished aspiration of European Union (EU) membership, but its top leadership has demonstrated that the Turks are no longer willing to pay any demeaning cost in order to achieve that erstwhile goal. Moreover, Turkish leaders have sometimes even gone out of their way to criticize certain Western politico‐economic as well as cultural policies, no matter that their country is still an active member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

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Justice and Development Party ; Turkey Looks East ; Identity vs. Interests

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ID: 160305

Turkey Looks East: international leverage and democratic backsliding in a Hybrid regime / Akyuz, Kadir ; Hess, Steve

Hess, Steve	Journal Article
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This essay examines the impact of Turkey's growing international links to China, Russia, and other non-Western powers on democratic backsliding by the administration of Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The essay finds that China's and Russia's growing engagement with Turkey since the middle of the first decade of the 2000s, coupled with Turkey's stalled bid for European Union membership, played an important role in deleveraging Western democratizing influence on Turkey. This shift in the international balance opened a window of opportunity for the Erdogan administration to engage in backsliding activities and proved to be a more significant driver for backsliding than other common predictors.

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Hybrid Regime ; Democratic Backsliding ; Turkey Looks East ; International Leverage

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