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| 1 |
ID:
149706
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| Summary/Abstract |
THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY of human civilization, the system of international relations has been moving through radical changes toward complexity and perfection. Today, we have arrived at a unified and homogenous system of commonly accepted norms and rules of behavior approved and recognized by the absolute majority of states. This system emerged from fragments each belonging to its own specific historical stage of social development and related to political, philosophic, cultural, religious and other distinctive features of countries and regions.
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| 2 |
ID:
149712
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| Summary/Abstract |
Since 2009, the countries brought together by this acronym have held seven summits that have become the group's main institutional mechanism. BRICS is chaired on a rotating basis, with each member country presiding in the group for one year. In 2016, India has replaced Russia as BRICS chair.
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| 3 |
ID:
149697
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| Summary/Abstract |
THERE ARE ESSENTIALLY two theories regarding the causes of the civil war in Syria that are being promoted throughout the world by Western propaganda and intelligence agencies, as well as by Western satellites such as the "pillars of democracy" Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
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| 4 |
ID:
149711
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE EU REFERENDUM exposed a deep-cutting split in British society along the regional, age, social, educational, and, on the whole, class lines (the latter forgotten in the years of economic prosperity of postindustrial society).1 David Cameron organized the referendum in a hope to keep the Conservative Party united, to achieve reconciliation on the nationwide scale and bury the issue for at least another generation. The referendum, however, revealed the strengthening and so far latent trends of the last twenty years, which cropped up as the consistently mounting success of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) at the local, parliamentary and European parliamentary elections. In 2015, the "unfair" majority system left UKIP with one seat in the Commons (the system of proportional representation would have brought over 60 UKIP deputies to Westminster that corresponded to 12.6% of the gained votes).2
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| 5 |
ID:
149720
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| Summary/Abstract |
AT ALL TIMES, the best minds were talking about a world free from wars, conflicts and bloodshed. In modern history, market economy and political democracy made this ideal even more tempting. From the very beginning of modern history, people have been seeking answers to the sacramental questions: How do liberalism and freedom, trade and free competition, democracy and market economy affect their lives? Are they a source of conflicts or do they inspire cooperation, preserve peace or breed wars? How do democracy and political freedom correlate with conflicts and wars? And, finally: Does democracy stimulate conflicts and wars?
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| 6 |
ID:
149725
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| Summary/Abstract |
This obviously also applies to Russia's current cultural diplomacy. Yevgeny Shmagin, Deputy Director of the Department on Cultural Affairs and Ties with UNESCO of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, underscores in his article "Culture and Diplomacy" published in International Affairs the importance of cultural diplomacy in implementing the state's foreign-policy strategy, maintaining, in particular, that "the union of diplomacy and culture has at all times served Russia's national interests, over and over again demonstrating its vitality at different stages in our history. It was cultural diplomacy with its specific set of instruments and methods to influence public opinion that was able to essentially dissolve the ice of hostile and sometimes openly biased attitudes with regard to our country during its Soviet period, mitigating the impact of various negative tendencies of political and ideological nature. During the formation of new Russian state, cultural initiatives once again helped strengthen the country's international prestige, its reputation, demonstrate the Russian society's openness, serve as an evidence of Russia's revival, and its development as a free and democratic state."
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| 7 |
ID:
149716
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| Summary/Abstract |
IN RECENT YEARS, Russia's foreign policy has been swinging eastward, toward Asia-Pacific, with unprecedented rapidity and confidence. But nothing would be further from the truth than the idea that this is a reaction to the Western sanctions. It is a course based on sound principles and the understanding of the nature of the national interests of Russia as a Eurasian, Asia-Pacific, and, in broader terms, Euro-Pacific power. The basis for this policy was laid by Yevgeny Primakov, who was the foreign minister of Russia from 1996 to 1998.
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| 8 |
ID:
149734
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THE PROCESS of international detente in the latter half of the twentieth century, which included such important events as the signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the establishment of political and economic relations between some Western and Eastern countries, and negotiations on disarmament and nuclear security, largely determined the further course of world history. The French Republic was among the major actors participating in the aforementioned events. A new monograph by EA. Osipov, France and the Evolution of Detente (1965-1975), focuses on France's role in the process of easing international tensions.
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| 9 |
ID:
149728
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| Summary/Abstract |
nternational Affairs: Yury Konstantinovich, this is a difficult time for oil producing countries. Are economies that to a very large extent depend on the production and export of energy resources consolidating their positions?
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| 10 |
ID:
149704
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| Summary/Abstract |
FRANCE PLAYED A SPECIAL ROLE in developing the Syrian statehood partly through the notorious Sykes-Picot Agreement (that, in all justice, should have been called the Sykes-Picot-Sazonov* Agreement) signed by the UK, France and Russia in 1916 in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) that was moving under French control (in case of the Entente's victory in World War One) practically the entire territory of what is now Syria and Lebanon and part of Iraq with the city of Mosul on it. Officially annulled in 1917, when the Bolshevist government of Russia had published the secret agreements of the Entente, it was, on the whole, realized (with the exception of the "Russian segment"). France lost its Iraqi "share" to Great Britain in exchange for the right to extract oil in Mosul.
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| 11 |
ID:
149729
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| Summary/Abstract |
RUSSIAN GAS sold abroad has always competed with pipeline and liquefied commodities from other suppliers. The United States announces that liquefied natural gas (LNG) will soon be exported on a large scale not only to Asia, but also to Europe. Having launched a few major LNG projects, Australia is planning in the short term to enter international markets with considerable volumes of energy products, depriving Qatar of its leadership, which it has been holding for several years among some twenty LNG exporters.
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| 12 |
ID:
149715
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CORRUPTION is a global threat. In any country, no matter what its political system and level of economic development are, corruption threatens stability and public well-being, deprives people of their rights and makes them defenseless, and inevitably and heavily undermines national security and sovereignty.
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| 13 |
ID:
149696
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE HUMANITARIAN CRISIS in the Syrian Arab Republic, which has resulted from a protracted civil conflict in that country, can be described as the most wide-ranging in modern history. Here are just a few figures standing behind which are human lives and fates.
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| 14 |
ID:
149721
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE REASONS behind the breakup of the USSR have been discussed in a lot of research papers, which, stacked together, could reach the Moon. However, few authors noted that, apart from the economic and political reasons behind this breakup, it was civilizational incompatibility of the country's separate parts that greatly impacted the disintegration of the USSR. On the one hand, the Soviet Union comprised Western-style modern Moscow, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Novosibirsk, Kiev, Kharkov, Lvov, Vilnius, Riga, Tallinn, Tbilisi, and Yerevan, while on the other, Central Asia, Azerbaijan (except for the cosmopolitan Baku), Islamic enclaves of the North Caucasus and Volga region, all of which outwardly accepted the Soviet way of life, while continuing to live under the medieval Sharia laws. The 15th and 20th centuries have been forcefully united in one state which has dumped the old deities, elevated the new ones as personified by communist leaders and declared the victory of atheism.
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| 15 |
ID:
149731
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE HISTORY of Russian-Japanese relations is over 300 years old. There have been dramatic pages in it, as well as positive pages, attesting to friendship, trust, and genuine neighborliness between the Russian and Japanese peoples. This was evidenced, among other things, by the rescue of the Japanese merchant Murayama Dembei off the Kamchatka coast and his meeting with Peter the Great in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow in 1702; the cordial reception of Soza and Goza, who founded the first Japanese language school in Russia 30 years later in St. Petersburg; and the outstanding mission of Vice Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin to Japan in 1853-1855. In the course of this mission, Russian sailors heroically helped the residents of the Japanese city of Shimoda during a major earthquake, and when, as a result of that disaster, their ship Diana sank they built an eponymous schooner together with the Japanese from the town of Heda, teaching them European shipbuilding technology in the process.
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| 16 |
ID:
149709
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| Summary/Abstract |
Effects of the transformation of the international relations system at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century have included changes in the character of global security threats. The emergence of a black market for nuclear materials, information and technologies and the possibility of extremist networks getting hold of nuclear weapons are among new sources of danger.
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| 17 |
ID:
149718
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE HISTORY OF MANKIND is brimming with armed conflicts and wars, the biggest and the bloodiest of them taking place in the nineteenth and especially twentieth centuries: two world wars, to say nothing of revolutions and civil wars, claimed tens of millions of lives. Tragedies continue in the twenty-first century. Many of us are convinced that we are living in the end time, the time of Apocalypses and that the dreams about perpetual peace (of which Immanuel Kant had written with a great deal of enthusiasm) were swallowed up by Lethe. The recent events - the wars in Yugoslavia, Iraq, Chechnya, Syria and elsewhere together with the "color" revolutions of all sorts and the civil war in Ukraine - are ample evidence that the hopes for universal peace are steadily shrinking.
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| 18 |
ID:
149733
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| Summary/Abstract |
RUSSIAN-BRITISH RELATIONS have been recently going through a period of deep recession. Sometimes one can even hear assertions to the effect that Russophobia exists in Britain at the genetic level. But are the British so irrational and emotional to be guided by their chemical reactions at a biological level?
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| 19 |
ID:
149732
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| Summary/Abstract |
Engibaryan not only examines the above issues in his research papers and books, but he also raises them in his literary works. In his novel Oh, Mart!, he wrote: "Radical shifts affecting the essence of man, all his inner world and behavior, occur when a culture built on the basis of certain religion undergoes a change."1 It should be emphasized that such a research paradigm determines all of Professor Yengibaryan's work. In a broad sense, the author views culture as a factor shaping human nature, which has an impact on the individual's attitude to such commonly known things as love, family, and social responsibility.
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| 20 |
ID:
149724
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| Summary/Abstract |
THE MIDDLE EAST is one of the strategic priorities of U.S. foreign policy due to economic, political, military, demographic, and energy factors. Israel has been the United States' main partner and outpost in that important region for many years.
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