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CONTIGUITY (2) answer(s).
 
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ID:   166737


Asia-Pacific Demand for Military Expenditure: spatial Panel and SUR Estimates / George, Justin   Journal Article
George, Justin Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract This article investigates the demand for military expenditure for a sample of key Asia-Pacific countries. Spatial panel demand estimates are presented for three joined spatial units using a fixed-coefficient spatial lag model based on a two-step efficient GMM estimator. Spatial autoregression estimates are next presented for 1991–2015, founded on alternative kinds of country connectivities, such as contiguity, inverse distance, discrete distance, and power-projection considerations. Finally, 11 select countries’ demands for defense equations are estimated using seemingly unrelated regressions. From alternative perspectives, these estimated models indicate how Asia-Pacific countries respond to the defense spending of other countries. In the spatial runs, free riding is prevalent despite the growing military might of China, which apparently is not generally viewed as a threat. For the sample period, the projection of Chinese or American power is a relevant spatial factor. The main threat is reflected in non-U.S. allies’ reaction to U.S. allies’ defense spending during 1991–2015 and to Chinese defense spending after 2002.
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2
ID:   167746


Strategies for the international adaptation of small countries: satellitism vs. finlandization / K. Voronov   Journal Article
K. Voronov Journal Article
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Summary/Abstract AFTER the bipolar model ended in the 1990s, global politics unequivocally entered an era of chronic instability and reformatting. "Chaos threatens side by side with unprecedented interdependence," said U.S. foreign policy guru Henry Kissinger.1 In this context, the emergence of new global "power centers," regional powers with their conflicting and intersecting spheres of interest, supposes that the mass of small countries* will use more diverse action strategies and various forms and methods of adapting to the variable external environment beyond the binary framework of the "two traditional realistic types of behavior: balancing and bandwagoning.
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