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| 1 |
ID:
169841
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| Summary/Abstract |
Renewable energy development in deregulated electricity markets dominated by fossil fuels has benefited from various government incentives and green marketing. Electricity generation in New Zealand is dominated by renewables and has developed with no government incentives or green marketing since the reforms in 1986. The New Zealand government has set a renewable energy target of 90% by 2025 with no direct support. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential for consumer-driven renewable energy development required to achieve this target by estimating willingness to pay for green electricity in the context of supplier choice. The study is based on a stated choice dataset generated using a choice experiment administered to an online panel of domestic electricity consumers in 2014. Results from a random parameter logit model estimated on 2688 choice responses show that, on average, consumers are willing to pay an extra $3.20 per month or 2% of their current power bills for a 10 percentage point increase in the share of electricity from renewable sources. These findings demonstrate that consumers are willing to support the development of renewables even where a market is dominated by renewables.
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| 2 |
ID:
169864
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| Summary/Abstract |
For Central and Eastern European countries, energy security has been one of the top political topics ever since the 2009 gas crisis. Although these countries have a shared interest in this issue, their preferences – especially those regarding the role of Russia as their main energy supplier – are not identical. This paper examines and juxtaposes the discourses on natural gas supply in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Utilizing a broadly constructivist perspective, the article explores the media discourses connected to energy supplies in these countries. Methodologically, the paper employs critical discourse analysis to examine this discourse. The paper argues that the media discourses in both countries underline the overall unreliability of the external environment and stress the necessity to rely on domestic energy sources. In the Czech case, such an environment also includes the EU, which translates into a critical stance towards renewable energy, viewed as being forced on country by the EU. In contrast, the Slovak discourse presents the EU as a suitable arena for energy cooperation. Both countries agree on the support for nuclear energy, which is considered to be a domestic – and therefore most reliable – energy source.
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ID:
169858
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Since 2012 aviation is included in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). The EU-ETS requires emission allowances for CO2 emissions, except if they result from the combustion of Sustainable Aviation Fuels. These fuels are drop-in fuels, i.e., they are fully compatible with conventional aviation turbine fuel, supply infrastructure and aircraft. However, the current EU-ETS regulation to account for the use of sustainable fuels requires their designated /separate logistics to the airport tank farm. This is technically unnecessary, and both environmentally and economically disadvantageous. It thus represents a barrier for the widespread use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels. Against this background, criteria for an advanced accounting methodology are defined and three different chain of custody concepts are evaluated against them. The most suitable solution is based on a book and claim principle, an approach approved by EU institutions in other industries facing similar circumstances. It balances the fuel's technical potential, the administrative burden for the aviation industry and fundamental EU-ETS requirements, like fraud protection. The latter is ensured by the uniform excise tax supervision in the EU. Finally, a holistic layout of a book and claim concept to account for the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the EU-ETS is proposed.
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| 4 |
ID:
169863
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper investigates whether capital constraints are evident for uptake of small-scale solar photovoltaic installations, using cross-sectional regressions with Australian regional data up to March 2019. There is an inverse U-shaped relationship between a number of different measures of capital and small-scale solar installations for both the 0–10 and 10–100 kW capacity categories. The positive relationship between capital and solar installations at the low end of the capital distribution suggests that capital constraints may provide an ongoing challenge for policymakers seeking to encourage the uptake of small-scale solar installations. There is also a negative association between average income and small-scale solar installations. Policymakers seeking to increase small-scale solar installations may achieve efficiency gains by targeting capital constraints rather than income constraints. An effective capital subsidy for addressing capital constraints, the Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme, has had a substantial impact on solar uptake for systems in both the 0–10 and 10–100 kW capacity categories. In contrast, there is a lack of evidence of a substantial effect of several other policies targeting community organisations.
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| 5 |
ID:
169859
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| Summary/Abstract |
This paper expands the toolkit available to consider the effectiveness of urban climate responses by examining political effectiveness in the implementation of urban decarbonization initiatives. By focusing on the politics of implementation, this approach complements dominant approaches for assessing effectiveness that emphasize greenhouse gas emission accounting. Drawing on case studies of urban building low carbon governance in Stockholm, London and San Francisco incorporating 40 expert interviews, the analysis provides insight into whether climate change mitigation measures are catalyzing political momentum that is untangling fossil fuels from institutions. It finds that urban decarbonization is gaining political momentum when it comes to new buildings, although with concerning implications for inequality and uneven development, but systemic change is limited since efforts to target existing buildings are stumbling over challenges. Two key insights are highlighted: 1) reframing the policy goal of urban climate mitigation to decarbonization productively refocuses attention on systemic change; 2) effective urban carbon governance is not only about providing instrumental tools, but it also involves triggering political dynamics that build momentum. Future urban decarbonization initiatives should consider the complementary roles of offering instrumental solutions and catalyzing political momentum through implementation.
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| 6 |
ID:
169862
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| Summary/Abstract |
We analyze the spatial and technological distribution of China's overseas electric power investments around the world, and the pollution intensity of Chinese coal fired power plants relative to those held by non-Chinese entities. We find that Chinese firms hold approximately $115 billion USD in electric power assets globally, with an average of 73% ownership stake in a total capacity of 81 GW. Chinese power investments span the globe but are largely found in developing countries, particularly in Asia and Latin America. The vast majority of Chinese investment goes to coal (24.5 GW), gas (20.5 GW) and hydropower (18.1 GW), while the share of wind (7.2 GW) and solar (3.1 GW) is relatively small but may be rising. The energy mix of Chinese overseas investment is similar to the existing world portfolio. Within the coal sector, between 2011 and 2017, the majority of Chinese greenfield investment in coal used supercritical technologies (58 percent) while only 34 percent of non-Chinese coal plants built during this period were supercritical.
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| 7 |
ID:
169850
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| Summary/Abstract |
Nuclear energy represents an essential component of the energy mix in the United Kingdom (UK). While most of the existing nuclear plants are scheduled to be decommissioned, new reactors are in the process of being built. Looking ahead, IV generation nuclear energy technology, that aims to minimize some of the hazards of current technologies, is under research and development (R&D). This paper investigates social acceptance of IV generation nuclear energy, examining both willingness to accept (WTA) new nuclear power plants and willingness to pay (WTP) for further research of IV generation technology. Choice experiments (CE) were employed to assess WTA, while contingent valuation (CV) was used to unveil WTP. Results revealed the presence of four segments of respondents: moderate supporters, strong opposers, and two groups of moderate opposers of new nuclear power plants. Interestingly, even amongst strong opposers there are individuals willing to pay for R&D of IV generation technology. Policies aimed at fostering trust – if deserved – towards nuclear energy corporations and authorities, as well as showing tangible progress of R&D to raise confidence among the public are key to foster acceptance of this nuclear energy technology.
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| 8 |
ID:
169852
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| Summary/Abstract |
China has become an increasingly important financier of energy infrastructure development in the Global South, especially hydropower projects. Despite an increase in investigations on Chinese models of infrastructure financing in these regions, there is a lack of empirical research on the impacts of the China-financed infrastructure. Using data from Johns Hopkins SAIS CARI China-Africa Loan Database and the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Program Database, we estimate the impacts of the China-financed Bui Dam in Ghana. We use two difference-in-differences models to identify change of the likelihood to have access to electricity, and to own several electric appliances among over 29,000 local households receiving electricity transmitted from Bui Dam. We found that after the Bui Dam's completion, the likelihood for households living in the treatment regions having access to electricity increased by about 4 percent. However, our models also show that urban households witness a much higher increase in their ownership of various electric appliances, suggesting that the Bui Dam's improvement of electrification may be predominant in the urban and rich households.
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| 9 |
ID:
169836
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| Summary/Abstract |
Unavoidable disruptions in the international oil supply create heavy pressures on the downstream oil market for oil-importing countries, especially China, whose high dependency on imported oil makes its downstream oil supply security an urgent issue. However, little attention has been paid to the supply security of the downstream oil industry with respect to dealing with import disruptions. Here, an integrated quantitative assessment framework is established to identify the impact of crude oil import disruptions on downstream oil supply security from the supply chain perspective. The dynamic scheduling process of the downstream oil supply chain under 72 import disruption scenarios is simulated by coupling a mathematical programming model with Latin hypercube sampling. The improved grey incidence evaluation method is applied for the comprehensive assessment of province-level and region-level oil product supply security based on the simulation results. The case of 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China in 2017 and 2020 is analysed as an example to demonstrate the framework. We find significant differences among provinces. The southwest and eastern coastal areas of China are vulnerable to potential oil supply disruptions, while the northwest China enjoys high supply security. Based on the results of this paper, policy implications are provided for the Chinese government. The design framework is not case-specific and can be applied for the quantitative assessment of other countries or regions.
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| 10 |
ID:
169834
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| Summary/Abstract |
The peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading platform (ETP) is an electricity-sharing system by which individuals can sell surplus electricity or purchase electricity to meet a deficit in a regional power network. South Korea has allowed energy prosumers to engage in electricity trading from 2016 and is seeking ways to vitalize the electricity trading market. This study aims to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of respondents for the monthly usage of P2P ETP by using the contingent valuation method. Of the 1000 Korean respondents, 639 were willing to pay a fee for using the platform. The estimated WTP is KRW 5958.86 (USD 5.50) per month. Moreover, the estimated WTP is higher in respondents who have more background knowledge of the P2P ETP and who pay higher electricity fees. The estimated WTP is lower than the usage fees of existing ETPs in other countries, which is primarily due to Korea's low electricity prices. Furthermore, the estimation results show that enhancing consumer awareness of P2P trading and introducing market strategies based on electricity usage should be considered by electricity trading companies and regulators to enhance P2P ETP usage.
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| 11 |
ID:
169861
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| Summary/Abstract |
Using the energy-environmental version of the Global Trade Analysis Project, this study compares the effects of three carbon emissions mitigation strategies – a carbon tax, a fuel tax and an emissions trading scheme (ETS) to combat the intended emissions target for Indonesia, a large emitting developing country. Although the fuel tax was found to raise economic growth by 0.29% in 2030, the carbon tax and ETS which reduce economic growth by about 0.11% have less adverse effects on inflation, welfare loss, wage decline, and employment loss. Unlike the fuel tax, the carbon tax and ETS are also likely to promote substitution towards renewable energy given the massive increase in the price of coal of over 100% due to the carbon tax and ETS. To meet Indonesia's emissions target, a carbon tax of US$36/ton of CO2 is needed. The carbon tax which is simpler and more swiftly implementable is the more practical choice compared to the ETS in the short to medium term for developing countries with political economy constraints in their energy and transportation sectors.
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| 12 |
ID:
169837
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| Summary/Abstract |
We develop a stochastic decision model to analyse the global competitive dynamics of fossil fuels and renewable energy. It describes coal, oil/gas, solar and wind. These differ not only in pollution intensities but also in profitability and innovation potential. The model accounts for the effect of learning curves, path-dependence and climate policies. Adoption shares endogenously affect agents' utility through increasing returns to adoption, learning, and a ‘peak oil’ capacity constraint. We find that peak oil induces a transition to coal rather than renewable energy, which worsens climate change. By introducing climate policies - such as a carbon tax, market adoption or subsidies for renewables, and eliminating existing subsidies for fossil fuels - we identify potential transition patterns to a low-carbon energy system. Model analysis clarifies two main features of climate policies: which ones solve the climate problem, i.e. do not surpass the critical carbon budget; and how uncertain or variable are final market shares of energy sources.
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| 13 |
ID:
169853
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| Summary/Abstract |
Nationwide transitions from cooking with solid fuels to clean fuels promise substantial health, climate, and environmental benefits. For decades, Ecuador has invested heavily in consumption subsidies for liquified petroleum gas (LPG), a leading clean fuel. With the goal of understanding household energy use in a context where LPG is ubiquitous and cheap, we administered 808 household surveys in peri-urban and rural communities in coastal and Andean Ecuadorian provinces. We assess cooking fuel ownership and use patterns after long-term LPG access and the reach of induction stoves promoted through a recent government program.
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| 14 |
ID:
169835
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| Summary/Abstract |
As a measure of building envelope performance, Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) has been regulated in many countries and regions in the world, while little research is done to evaluate its city-scale effect with energy consumption. In this paper, we develop an econometric energy epidemiology model to evaluate the impact of OTTV legislations on electricity consumption using Hong Kong as an example, as Hong Kong government is one of the first adopters of OTTV regulation. For this purpose, we construct a unique database on the energy consumption of residential and commercial buildings in Hong Kong, including 39092 buildings from 1982 to 2016. Noticeable contributions to the total building energy saving could be found from historical OTTV legislations by 2016. As predicted by the model, in 2030, the annual electricity reduction can reach approximately 20000TJ without further regulation amendment, which is an important support to the “HK3030” energy target.
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| 15 |
ID:
169844
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| Summary/Abstract |
The renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in China is to put into effect at the beginning of 2020, which will inevitably affect the strategy of stakeholders in retail electricity market. To study the effect of RPS on retail electricity market, we take the regulators (energy regulatory authorities) and two types of power sales companies with heterogeneous strength into consideration. Then a system dynamics model of tripartite evolutionary game is developed to analyze the strategy interaction of stakeholders and simulate the corresponding evolution process. Based on the background of Chinese renewable power industry, the scenario analysis method is employed to investigate the impacts of key parameters in relation with RPS scheme on stakeholders’ strategy selections. The results show that, to basically ensure all the power sales companies comply with quota obligation, TGC price of different stages should maintain at desired levels, net profit of renewable power sales should be no less than that of conventional power sales, and incentive and punishment should be within a reasonable range. In particular, the results reveal some policy effects such as reversal effect, blocking effect and over-reliance effect. More importantly, these results provide some policy recommendations for the rapid development of renewable power industry.
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| 16 |
ID:
169840
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| Summary/Abstract |
The European Commission has set a target of establishing an integrated Europe-wide electricity market for day-ahead and intraday transactions. However, there are still many open questions on the potential benefits of a Europe-wide intraday market integration and the harmonizing market rules. This paper intends to provide a precise insight into the potential impacts of EU policies regarding integrating electricity markets on market efficiency and on different market players with the aim of supporting policy makers to increase the penetration of renewables in a cost efficient manner. In this paper, we investigate and compare the current option of regional intraday electricity market with the option of an integrated Europe-wide one, with reference to the three European test cases with high renewable penetration: the Iberian electricity market including Spain and Portugal, the Italian electricity market including Italy and Slovenia, and the electricity market of Germany. We consider two 2030 scenarios: (i) the regional/local intraday electricity market, and (ii) the integration of the current regional intraday market of the test cases into a single intraday market in Europe. The two scenarios are modelled through stochastic Monte Carlo simulation, considering uncertainty on electricity demand, wind and solar power. The performance of the intraday market under the two options are compared in terms of generation cost, electricity prices, producer’ surplus, and load expenditure inside the European test cases. The simulation results lead to the conclusion that integrating to a Europe-wide intraday electricity market is not advantageous for power producers inside the European countries with high share of variable renewable generation, in terms of annual generation surplus. However, from the customers’ point of view, intraday market integration is beneficial, leading to lower cost to loads. Furthermore, it is shown that the flexibility provided by the installed capacity of hydro pumped-storage generators within Europe, by 2030, eliminates the planned curtailment of renewable energy sources in day-ahead and intraday markets and confines the impact of market integration on the market performance indicators.
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| 17 |
ID:
169856
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| Summary/Abstract |
the literature proposes that a booming minerals sector leads to a development curse. The mineral markets in China experienced a prolonged boom over the period of 2000–2010. We empirically examine the effects of mineral resources on employment in county economies during the boom. We consider the endogeneity of the resource measure and employ an instrumental variables approach to resolve the problem. We find the mining boom exerts a significant “crowding out” effect on the manufacturing employment in mineral-resource-dependent counties, but benefits the employment in services. Because the increase in mining employment is sizeable in a mining boom, the overall employment in the resource-dependent counties has shown a small growth. These results are robust to alternative samples. Our findings confirm the argument that resource booms undermine manufacturing sectors through deindustrialization effects, though little evidence shows the existence of a resource curse in overall employment. We conclude that for a developing economy with rich mineral resources and a large population, it would be hard to following the road of industrialization relying on manufacturing.
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| 18 |
ID:
169854
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| Summary/Abstract |
Local governments are experimenting with low-carbon initiatives (LCIs) to learn how the transition to low-carbon cities can be advanced. However, little is known about how local governments can capitalize on what has been learned and use it to accelerate scaling-up processes. This paper explores the complex relationship between LCIs and learning processes at the level of local government. The issue is examined through an explorative embedded case study in the City of Copenhagen, a sustainability frontrunner. The paper makes three contributions that enrich literature and practice concerning climate governance for sustainability transitions. First, it offers an overview of two types of knowledge that can be derived from LCIs to accelerate scaling-up processes: instrumental and transformative knowledge. Second, the paper provides a concrete overview of learning practices for governing learning processes within local government. Local governments can learn from LCIs through four categories of practice: experience accumulation, knowledge articulation, knowledge codification, and knowledge distribution. Finally, the paper offers an overview of explanatory factors related to the motivation, resources, and skills that influence a local government's capacity to learn from LCIs. The findings particularly highlight the importance of setting a mandate for experimenting with and evaluating LCIs.
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| 19 |
ID:
169851
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| Summary/Abstract |
In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy has become the most growing form of renewable electricity generation in the world. Due to its vast tropical territorial area, Brazil is one of the countries with the most significant potential for PV implementation. However, by the end of 2018, the distributed generation of Brazil by PV source had only 2.4 W/inhabitant, while many countries have more than 100 W/inhabitant. In order to identify opportunities for advancing PV participation in the country, this paper proposes mathematical modeling based on 18 performance indicators capable of measuring the level of competitiveness of municipalities for the PV installation. The methodology proposes the use of the multicriteria Analytic Hierarchy Process technique. Through consultation in 100% of the 497 municipalities in the state of Brazil with higher penetration of PV per capita, it was possible to generate a ranking with the level of competitiveness for PV installations. With this, one can identify the 20 most competitive urban sectors for investment in photovoltaic installations connected to the grid. The results explain the unequal diffusion patterns in southern Brazil and propose actions to disseminate distributed generation.
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| 20 |
ID:
169843
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy market modelling lacks an approach that tackles the implications of flow-based market coupling on congestion management in European electricity markets. Especially in the context of high shares of renewable energy, the topic of network congestion is becoming even more important. Usually, redispatch measures as a main part of congestion management are calculated on the basis of a simple load flow model incorporating net transfer capacities on the day-ahead market. In this paper, we suggest a modelling approach that incorporates the attributes of flow-based market coupling in the calculation of congestion management. An advanced load flow model is therefore already used to reflect the allocation process on the spot market. Retaining this result, necessary congestion management can be calculated on the basis of a more detailed network model representing the control areas’ exact transmission lines. Also, we conduct a comparison between the net transfer capacity- and the flow-based market coupling approach representing different levels of grid-granularities to show the importance of the grid model used for allocation on the European market for electricity. The results suggest, that necessary congestion management in the system is heavily dependent on the grid granularity, both in the sign and magnitude.
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