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ID:
181427
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| Summary/Abstract |
China's rapidly rising freight transport demand has been one of the primary contributors to global oil consumption growth since 2000 and has remained the dominant source of domestic transport energy consumption during the same period. The objective of this paper is to investigate the main structural driving forces of China's freight transport demand during its fastest growing period (1997–2012), and to analyze its potential future scenario. The results suggest that strong growth of total final demand, an increasingly freight-intensive economic structure, and lengthening inter-industry production linkages, which is consistent with China's investment and export driven development model from 1997 to 2012, have been the main propellers of rapid freight transport demand growth during this time. Looking ahead, as the Chinese economy gradually shifts to a consumption driven model in an increasingly uncertain global economic environment, policymakers need to be aware of both unexpected demand shocks and the inherent changes of the Chinese economy while considering their implications for China's transport energy demand and China's carbon emission mitigation strategy.
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| 2 |
ID:
176668
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| Summary/Abstract |
As part of ‘Vision 2030’, Saudi Arabia has initiated a broad-based energy reform programme aimed at gradually reducing its dependence on oil. This paper assesses the impacts of energy price reforms on living expenses of various household groups in Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, the input-output table combined with household expenditure data are used to model the impacts. Results show that the distributional impacts of energy price reforms are regressive, with low-income households experiencing a higher increase in living expenses compared to high-income households. The impacts are primarily instigated by rising prices of energy-intensive products. After decomposing the impacts into direct and indirect effects, it was found that indirect effect is not only responsible for a considerable rise in household expenditure on energy-intensive products, but it is also distributionally regressive. It is therefore vital for policymakers to review and fine-tune the social protection system to protect poor households against reforms.
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| 3 |
ID:
169903
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| Summary/Abstract |
Brazil has achieved significant advances in climate mitigation by reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the last decade. Additionally, Brazil commits to furthering its actions through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), issued during the Paris Agreement. The country also anticipates a significant increase in GDP in the years to come. Chen et al. (2012)'s main conclusion was that if deforestation were to be greatly reduced, the burden of cutting CO2 emissions from energy use and industrial processes would be minimal. However, recent data on land-use emissions show that additional efforts might also be required in the energy sector. Using Brazil's industrial structure, we evaluate the minimal changes needed in domestic final demand to meet both the NDC target and the forecasted economic growth. Our results show that it may be possible to meet both objectives with policies that incentivize a service-oriented economy while lowering investments in the manufactuing and extracting sectors. Furthermore, this strategy could be net job-creating, would rely on fewer imported products, and would generate tax revenue. However, wages could decrease.
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