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| 1 |
ID:
188616
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| Summary/Abstract |
When, in March 1940, two Jewish emigré physicists, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, composed a memorandum on the technical feasibility of an atomic weapon, few would have envisaged the significance of this six-page document. The technical blueprint for an atomic weapon, at the time assumed to be well beyond the realm of the possible, was to have a significant impact on the Anglo-American nuclear relationship, as it enabled British and American scientists to discuss at eye-level, the direction of nuclear weapons development, as it moved from theory to implementation. Significantly, Peierls and Frisch calculated the critical mass uranium and concluded that the amount of U235 required for a bomb was in the region of kilos rather than tons, as previously thought. The document amplified the British voice in the Anglo-American discussions about the development of nuclear weapons which eventually led to the Manhattan Project, the US-led development of the bombs that would be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war in the Pacific. Yet, the official history of the Manhattan Project claimed that the British contribution to the successful development of the weapon was ‘in no sense vital’ and the ‘technical and engineering contribution … practically nil’. This paper discusses Britain’s co-operation and competition in the Anglo-American nuclear relationship in the light of scientific collaboration and rivalry during the Second World War.
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| 2 |
ID:
172161
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| Summary/Abstract |
Many peace support operations have faced allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse perpetrated by UN personnel against members of local communities. Some of these intimate relations result in children being born but there is little empirical data on the experiences of women and girls who conceive and bear these children. We analyse 265 self interpreted narratives from community members in Haiti about children fathered by UN personnel and born to local women or girls. The mixed methods results highlight three important themes: (a) poverty is a key underlying factor contributing to sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeeping personnel, (b) the repatriation of implicated peacekeepers often leaves the woman and child in exacerbated poverty, and (c) intimate relations with fair-skinned peacekeepers and having fair-skinned children are sometimes perceived as desirable. The data highlight that children fathered by MINUSTAH personnel are typically being raised in settings of extreme economic deprivation and are often denied access to education and other basic services that would enable them to break the cycle of poverty. While the overarching need identified in this analysis is financial, additional research with the children themselves in warranted to identify other needs and to inform policies and programmes intended to improve their well-being.
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