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ID: 173432

Peacemakers or Iron Ladies? a Cross-National Study of Gender and International Conflict / Schramm, Madison

Schramm, Madison	Journal Article
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Conventional wisdom suggests that when women attain high political office they are more likely to act as peacemakers than their male counterparts. In contrast, this article argues that women political leaders may be more likely to initiate conflict than their male colleagues. The theory draws on insights from feminist theory, particularly the notion that gender is performative, to argue that the effects of a leader’s gender on foreign policy decision making vary with social and institutional context. To gain and maintain status in elite policy in-groups, female leaders are incentivized to perform gender by signaling their toughness and competence through initiating conflict. Statistical tests and qualitative case studies of the tenures of Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller and Chilean president Michelle Bachelet provide evidence that female heads of government in democracies are more likely to initiate conflict than their male counterparts and that this effect is conditioned both by domestic political constraints and overall levels of women’s political empowerment.

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Cross-National Study ; Iron Ladies ; Gender and International Conflict

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ID: 180547

Pugnacious Presidents: Democratic Constitutional Systems and International Conflict / Kroenig, Matthew ; Schramm, Madison

Kroenig, Matthew	Journal Article
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MATTHEW KROENIG and MADISON SCHRAMM analyze how domestic political institutions affect international conflict. Using standard international relations datasets on conflict, they demonstrate that jointly-presidential democratic dyads are over two times more likely to become involved in militarized interstate disputes than other jointly-democratic dyads. They also find that when it comes to lower-level conflicts, jointly-presidential dyads are statistically indistinguishable from nondemocratic dyads. They argue that the results have important implications for our understanding of democratic peace theory and the causes of international conflict.

Key Words

International Conflict ; Pugnacious Presidents ; Democratic Constitutional Systems

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