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ID:
173641
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| Summary/Abstract |
The last few decades have seen increasingly more complex threats to the security of Europe’s citizens. The European states are facing dynamic, increasingly digital and cross-border threats requiring holistic response strategies. Effective cooperation between the security actors is key here. Police authorities, intelligence services, and the armed forces have to be able to work together smoothly. In this context, intelligence services are primarily service providers of intelligence. The intelligence collected is the basis on which political and military decisions are made or measures for criminal proceedings and threat prevention are prepared. In most countries of the world, the mission of the intelligence services is split up: for example, some authorities are in charge of foreign intelligence and others of domestic intelligence. A pattern is discernible: the bigger and more politically important a country is, the more intelligence services and other government intelligence actors it has.
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| 2 |
ID:
173650
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| 3 |
ID:
173648
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| 4 |
ID:
173642
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| Summary/Abstract |
Lawyers focus on the regulation and control of activities. Intelligence was previously regarded as something that was on, or even beyond, the boundaries of what should be regulated and controlled by means of the law. If statutory law (i.e., acts passed by parliament) governed intelligence agencies at all, then the provisions tended to be in very general terms, leaving considerable interpretative scope to the agencies themselves (or, at least their taskmasters, the relevant government departments).
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| 5 |
ID:
173647
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| 6 |
ID:
173640
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| Summary/Abstract |
On a continent devastated by two world wars in a 30-year period, pooling the basic resources for war, coal and steel, was less than straightforward. Yet, in 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded by six European countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The ECSC was later transformed into the European Economic Community in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, and into the European Union (EU) by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993. The club expanded geographically and welcomed additional countries as democracy became the unifying system on the continent. Today, the EU is a single market, has a single currency, and shared institutions and values for 27 member states.
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| 7 |
ID:
173651
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| 8 |
ID:
173646
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| 9 |
ID:
173645
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| 10 |
ID:
173644
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| 11 |
ID:
173649
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| 12 |
ID:
173652
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| 13 |
ID:
173643
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