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| 1 |
ID:
175878
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system has attracted substantial criticism over the past decade. One major criticism has been the fact that ambiguous language, unclear provisions and unwritten understandings in existing international investment agreements (IIAs) could give rise to costly litigation and open treaty provisions to incorrect interpretations by tribunals. Against this backdrop, an increasing number of states, including mainland China, have adopted the binding joint interpretation (BJI) mechanism as an innovative solution to reassert control over their IIAs and ISDS proceedings. However, China has not adequately applied the BJI mechanism in the ISDS system. This article highlights an immediate concern that China may be concluding IIAs that use a "cookie-cutter" template of BJI provisions way too hastily with minimal negotiation and consultation. This study provides several suggestions for the reform of China's BJI mechanism in its future negotiation of the new type of Chinese IIAs.
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| 2 |
ID:
175880
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This research article examines new stakeholder businesses in Tongcheng and Huaining, two counties in Anhui province, China, as cases for a comparative analysis of the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in supporting education in China's rural areas. The research primarily utilises interviews with personnel from the local education bureau, rural schools and related corporations. The study suggests that CSR has promoted rural education in Tongcheng and Huaining through various channels, including foundations, local non-governmental organisations, government agencies and direct involvement. However, most CSR involvement is highly vulnerable, owing to the lack of institutionalisation and formalisation of CSR behaviour. Additionally, the inappropriate administrative practices of governments and the unreliable fund distribution channels are impediments to advancing CSR. The study demonstrates that CSR is a rapidly developing concept in China, with strong untapped potential to improve rural education if current obstacles can be removed.
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| 3 |
ID:
175875
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| Summary/Abstract |
While the division between "left" and "right" informs international political discourse, the unique historical and cultural background of Chinese society has led to a different understanding of these concepts there. This article focuses on Chinese political orientation and citizens' attitudes towards various political issues, portraying the political environment in China under the framework of "left–right" politics. This study reveals that, unlike the differences between the left and right in the West, Chinese people do not see obvious differences in their position towards egalitarianism, but they detect apparent attitudinal differences on issues like the conceptualisations of freedom, political systems and national identity. The thesis of this study is that the left–right divergence in China is contingent on whether Chinese people support the current political system.
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| 4 |
ID:
175876
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| Summary/Abstract |
The recent introduction of the "donation-based legal personality" classification is a milestone in the ongoing process of promoting the rule of law in the regulation of religious activities in contemporary China. Its implementation, however, may be confronted by both theoretical and empirical obstacles. Based on judicial review and findings of research fieldwork conducted in some of the major Buddhist temples in China, this study discusses the judicial, social and practical dilemmas of conferring donation-based legal personality on Buddhist temples. It reveals that the issues related to the land and property ownership of Buddhist temples are complex and that the unique traditional internal organisational structure of Buddhist temples has posed challenges to conferring donation-based legal personality upon them.
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| 5 |
ID:
175879
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Chinese government opened the door for faith-based organisations to provide public services in 2005. However, faith-based social work services remain an understudied research field. This article begins with a literature review of the institutional environment for faith-based organisations and addresses three issues: the types of faith-based social work organisations that have emerged in China; the development of faith-based social work organisations; and the implications of their rise for the development of social work as a profession in China. By analysing longitudinal data collected from 2006 to 2019, this article identifies three models of faith-based social service organisations that have emerged and developed in China: (i) traditional faith-based organisations that hire social workers; (ii) grassroots social service organisations that are supported by religious bodies; and (iii) grassroots social service organisations that are operated by religious social workers with no affiliation to religious bodies. Although most of the organisations obtain public funding partially from the government, findings have shown that organisations of the third model type have the most diverse funding sources and have developed minimal dependency on the government. With trust and support from diverse stakeholders, faith-based organisations of the third model type appear to be suitable placement agencies providing social work students with employment and the value base to reflect critically their personal faith and social work values in China's unique sociopolitical context.
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| 6 |
ID:
175873
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| Summary/Abstract |
One of the elements that has marked China's rise in the international community is the emergence of its strategic partnerships. Strategic alignments have evolved in a dynamic international context, where cooperation has become more sophisticated and multidimensional. Deriving a conceptual definition is difficult as strategic relations have taken different forms. This research article attempts to complement the conceptual understanding by using a multinomial logistic model to analyse factors influencing China's choice of instrument with its strategic partners. At the level of strategic alignment, China uses three types of networks: strategic partnerships, trade strategic partnerships and comprehensive strategic partnerships. These orientations are not mutually exclusive, but each has its own logic that varies according to the levels of formality, linkage, scope and ideological proximity. Those economies with closer political orientation with China are likely to forge strategic partnerships. Trade strategic partnerships are significantly correlated with a regulatory quality index and are highly likely to be signed with countries within the Asia-Pacific region. Comprehensive strategic partnerships, on the other hand, are established with countries more highly integrated into the globalisation process. In this regard, China has built its strategic network by combining its Soviet legacy with notions of Western institutionalised cooperation.
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| 7 |
ID:
175877
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China has undergone rapid urbanisation over the past four decades. Research has seemed to suggest that urbanisation has resulted in land expropriation. As local officials began to take rural land for urban development, revenues from land leases became an important source of income for local public budgets. Despite its significant contribution to public budgets, land grabbing in China has started to decrease since Xi Jinping took power in the fall 2012. With this as a starting premise, this article argues that Xi's corruption crackdown has impacted upon local officials' incentives for land expropriation. It also highlights the Chinese regime's advocacy of the rule of law in accounting for the variations in the intensity of the corruption crackdown.
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| 8 |
ID:
175874
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| Summary/Abstract |
In contrast to the plenitude of studies which use speeches, newspaper articles and books in presenting the Chinese state's crafting of nationalist narratives, there are few studies that use texts specifically designed for mass education. The authors conducted a content analysis of children's textbooks published by the education arm of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to reveal the narratives used to bolster its nationalism. While some of the findings are consistent with existing theories, such as portrayals of China's glorious history, claims to territory, forms of government, a foreign "other" as an enemy and economic development, key nuances emerge. The textbooks claim only Taiwan, but not other contentious areas such as Tibet, as part of China; the CPC government is described as a democracy much more than a communist state; the foreign "other" is not only an enemy, but also an endorser; and development refers not only to the country's economic gains but also to an intimate sphere created around an urban and middle-class norm.
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| 9 |
ID:
175881
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article uses the 2014 Chinese Non-profit Employee Survey (CNES) to empirically investigate the factors that drive employees to leave the non-profit sector. Findings have shown that salary level and mission attachment impact employees' intent to leave and that the two factors are moderated by the length of work experience. For employees with fewer than five years' work experience, mission attachment has a negative impact on the intent to switch sectors. For employees with over five years' experience, salary level is positively associated with the intention to leave. This study also identifies salary gap as a mediator to explain research findings and offers implications for the sustainable development of human resources in China's non-profit sector.
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