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| 1 |
ID:
175457
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| Summary/Abstract |
Traditionally seen as an interlocutor between Europe and the US in transatlantic security relations, the UK’s engagement with the training of the Afghan National Police (ANP) through the concurrent EU and NATO missions presents an interesting case of foreign policy decision-making. Although a logic based on broader British orientations about the roles of the two organisations expect that the UK’s primary institution of choice would be NATO, London supported both missions in providing international policing assistance to Afghanistan. Adopting an operational overlap perspective, this article seeks to explain the UK’s strategic behaviour vis-a-vis the EU and NATO training missions that have been simultaneously involved in overlapping tasks, despite the initial intention that the two missions would undertake different and complementary roles. Analysing evidence from the UK Parliament and Government, US diplomatic missions, the EU and NATO, as well as interviews with former UK and NATO officials, this article argues that while providing training to the Afghan police, London focused on these missions’ practical outputs rather than preferring an organisation of choice as such. This strategy is mainly guided by the UK’s concern to uphold counter-narcotics enforcement in Afghanistan and to fulfil transition tasks during the incremental withdrawal of British troops.
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| 2 |
ID:
175456
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In recent years, NATO expressed increasing interest in addressing the broader range of security challenges confronting its Allies. Energy security was included in 2010 in the NATO Strategic Concept and in the following years NATO developed its mandate in energy security. This research resorts to process tracing to capture the interaction between factors that led to NATO developing a mandate in energy security. NATO Member States, particularly Central and Eastern European countries, played an important role in NATO working on energy security. The NATO bureaucracy also supported the organisation in developing a mandate in this field. The study finds rational choice institutionalism particularly useful in explaining the expansion of the NATO mandate in energy security and contributes in this way to the ongoing debate on which theoretical approach best explains the contemporary evolution of NATO. The research is based on original data collected through fieldwork and interviews conducted at the NATO headquarters with high NATO officials working on energy security (including NATO Deputy Secretary Generals and NATO heads of sections), as well as with high officials from NATO Member States.
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| 3 |
ID:
175455
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In the mid-2010s NATO allies were facing the resurgence of a Russian threat at their borders, as well as terrorist actions in Europe and the MENA region. This evolving security environment provoked heated talks both within and outside NATO on its adaptation, often depicted as being the sign of irreconcilable disagreements. Conversely, this article argues that the "NATO 360-degree" concept adopted during the Warsaw Summit shows cohesion between the allies thanks to the Alliance's decision-making process. As a security community, member states were incentivised to find common grounds despite their diverging interests, which resulted in this new concept encompassing the "arc of insecurity". Its subsequent implementation also confirms the cohesion hypothesis, despite its obvious refocusing towards the East and collective defence. This article will first present the diverging threat perceptions within the Alliance. It will then focus on the implementation of the "NATO 360-degree" concept, promoted during the Warsaw summit, to finish with an initial assessment of the changes at work.
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| 4 |
ID:
175458
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The post-Cold War era has witnessed the widespread development of lessons-learned processes within NATO member-states. However, practitioner guidance and military innovation studies are yet to properly investigate the insights of management studies about best-practice in lessons-learned processes. In particular, they have failed to identify the activities which enable militaries to “transform” knowledge, by effectively combining new knowledge with existing organisational knowledge. Drawing upon the academic literature on cross-functional teams and original interview research, this article examines the organisational activities which improve the crucial “remedial action” phase of lessons-learned processes. It breaks new ground by identifying six key dimensions of lessons-learned process cross-functional teams and the organisational activities which enhance their performance. In doing so, the article improves understanding about the team processes and wider organisational activities which shape lessons-learned process effectiveness. It also examines the challenges associated with encouraging well-informed oversight of lessons-learned processes by the civilian and military leadership. The article concludes by identifying a number of important research agendas on lessons-learned processes.
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| 5 |
ID:
175459
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Why have the EU and India been unable to explore the common potential of their partnership in peacekeeping training? Drawing upon the literature of practice theories and the concept of community of practices, as well as semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and peacekeeping trainers from India and the EU, policy documents and participant observation, the article explores the complementarity of structures of the EU’s and India’s training communities and discusses the implicit knowledge which is guiding the practices of actors. Thereby, the article moves away from offering structural explanations, such as diverging strategic interests, which have dominated the literature on the EU’s external relations with Asia. Comparing the practice communities, the article finds substantial divergence in the material and ideational structure of training institutes. Moreover, the article illustrates that the disposition of actors in the Indian training community is characterised by the unspoken understanding that India’s training philosophy is more compatible with other countries from the Global South. While both structures, as well as dispositions of actors are unfavourable vis-à-vis an EU–India partnership in peacekeeping training, the article concludes that by addressing familiarity gaps among training communities, divergences in structures and dispositions can be overcome.
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| 6 |
ID:
175454
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Scholars, states and organisations have warned that authoritarian regimes and other hostile actors are projecting information to inflict harm upon others. Yet, there is little agreement on the nature of this threat. This is mirrored in the plethora of labels in use, ranging from “disinformation” to “sharp power” and “information warfare”. In order to investigate this menace further, we turn our focus to ordinary people’s anxieties, since a better understanding of threat perceptions will also provide a better understanding of the problem. We conducted a comprehensive case study comprising focus group discussions (n: 97) and an extensive survey (n: 2046) among Swedish citizens. We asked: To what extent do people worry about information influence and why? What can this tell us about the nature of this problem or threat? The empirical results suggest that respondents were first and foremost worried about societal cohesion and democracy. They also identified a risk that information influence can undermine trust in societal institutions and the EU. Based on our findings, we suggest that “malign information influence” is an appropriate label to be used in future research. Finally, we propose directions for future systematic research on how malign information infuence is received and processed in different national contexts.
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| 7 |
ID:
175460
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Despite the intensity of research into UN multilateral sanctions, the implementation of sanctions in states with no autonomous sanctions policy has been almost neglected. This sharply contrasts with the fact that their noncompliance may hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of sanctions significantly. To demonstrate the possible contributions of these states to sanctions regimes and the risks resulting from their noncompliance, the article presents the outcomes of a single case study on the implementation of UN sanctions in the Czech Republic from the 1990s to the present. This is a period when the country changed implementation methods several times. Thus, lessons learned from the Czech experience provide a valuable contribution to best practices of sanctions implementation. While distinguishing between formal and behavioural compliance, the text identifies key drivers of the desirable speed and accuracy of the implementation process. In addition to recommendations stated in the reform processes, the text also suggests that the main domestic sanctions authority’s experience with creation and implementation of national law, and a flexible coordination mechanism have been important for the efficient application of UN sanctions.
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