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ID:
189701
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| Summary/Abstract |
After a deterioration of democratic conditions in Venezuela, in 2017 the United States intensified its sanctions imposed on the regime of Nicolás Maduro. The sanctions failed to topple the regime, but they accelerated the transformation of the Venezuelan economy. To counter the sanctions, Maduro carried out substantive economic policy changes, resulting in the emergence of a neo-patrimonial and authoritarian form of capitalism. In this new model, private ownership is the rule, and economic agents operate for profit. Yet there is frequent state intervention that denies individuals’ fundamental political and economic rights, and the purpose of laws and regulations is ensuring regime survival.
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| 2 |
ID:
180710
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| Summary/Abstract |
SINCE Donald Trump took office, U.S. pressure on Venezuela has only been growing. Washington is using a vast arsenal of tools to overthrow the legally elected leadership of a sovereign state, stopping short only of direct intervention with massive deployment of U.S. armed forces and those of their allies. Chavistas are holding onto power despite enormous pressure that includes systematic and targeted economic sanctions, the recognition of Juan Guaidó as president (political pressure by way of initiating a "color revolution"), the provoking of mass desertions from the army, and attempts at recruiting agents of influence from within Maduro's circle with the goal of pitting them against each other and weakening them. The attempt to directly eliminate the Venezuelan leader in defiance of all norms of international law is the latest addition to this arsenal.
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