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| 1 |
ID:
183085
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| Summary/Abstract |
The building sector could have a high impact on the reduction of GHG emissions. Several countries have developed public policies to encourage Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) as one of the main approaches to reach their GHG reduction goals. Chile has adopted different goals and action plans to reduce fossil fuels and GHG emissions. However, there is a lack of public policies for the building sector. Chile should consider the NZEB an effective measure to reduce GHG emissions because this policy has been successful in other countries, regions, or states because NZEB reduce energy consumption in the building sector and produce energy from renewable sources. This research aims to identify, analyze and compare mandatory public policies of different countries towards NZEB. Different countries' public policies are identified and classified through a literature review based on keywords. Chilean public policies are compared concerning them worldwide. We concluded that Chile has not yet developed public policies to promote NZEB as part of the strategies to achieve its environmental commitments for the coming years. We suggested evaluating the technical potential of buildings to reach NZEB standards in different Chilean climates before elaborating future public policies towards NZEB. It is concluded that Chile has to develop regulatory, economic and information, motivation and advice policies towards NZEB that are the mainstream policies worldwide.
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| 2 |
ID:
183096
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the US a complete transition to electric vehicles (EVs) would increase demand for carbon-free electricity by around 30% if the future fleet has the same average size, weight and horsepower as current EVs. However, these dimensions for today's EVs are substantially lower than for conventional vehicles, so as EVs replace them, EV's average size, weight and horsepower are likely to increase substantially. Further, major automakers are introducing a new class of very large, powerful “super”-EVs of up to 1000 horsepower. These factors will lead to higher demand for carbon-free electricity. This interdisciplinary paper first examines the social pressure for increasing EV size and power. It then uses data from the 255 EVs tested by the US EPA in 2011–2021, to estimate the effect of increased weight and horsepower on EVs' electricity consumption. It finds that each 1% increase in weight leads to an increase in electricity consumption of about 1%. The transition to EVs could therefore increase electricity consumption by 35% or more and compromise the transition to a decarbonized electricity grid. Policymakers need to plan for a larger decarbonised grid, disincentivise production of large, heavy EVs and promote positive social discourse on the value of smaller, lighter vehicles.
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| 3 |
ID:
183082
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In this paper, we compare the total energy consumption of households living in green certified buildings with households living in conventional buildings based on the example of the Swiss Minergie label. For this purpose, we estimate an econometric total energy demand model using a panel data set comprised of around 1500 households observed over the years 2010–2015. The empirical analysis provides suggestive evidence that households living in green certified buildings save approximately 25% of total energy. The estimated energy savings are lower than predicted by engineering-based bottom-up models that are not considering energy consumption behavioral factors. Nevertheless, our result suggests that savings in energy use and associated emissions of greenhouse gases (and other pollutants) may benefit from energy policy measures such as public information campaigns or subsidies that promote the construction of green certified buildings. Furthermore, since policy scenarios are usually based on ex-ante energy reduction projections, it is important to consider that the energy savings predicted tend, at least for the building sector, to be higher than they actually are. This difference may therefore impact the scenarios and thus the energy policy measures to be implemented.
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| 4 |
ID:
183105
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| Summary/Abstract |
To address climate change, the decarbonisation of Germany’s existing building stock urgently needs to be prioritised. However, the rate and depth of refurbishment has lagged behind official targets for years. This is a particular problem in the rental sector, where the costs and benefits of energy efficiency measures tend to be unevenly distributed between landlords and tenants (the so-called ‘landlord-tenant dilemma’). Within the context of the current policy landscape, investments in energy efficiency consequently make most sense for landlords if the upfront costs can be refinanced via increased rental income or reduced vacant periods. This paper seeks to investigate the validity of this statement at city level by using a large dataset from one of Germany’s main internet property platforms to examine how the willingness of tenants to pay for energy efficiency varies across residential locations in the city of Wuppertal.
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| 5 |
ID:
183112
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy service business models (ESBMs) are potentially critical to reducing household energy demand and mitigating climate change. These models are predicated on a shift from the ‘throughput’ sale of energy commodities, towards providing ‘useful’ or ‘final’ energy services. However, the conceptual delineation of these models and their different variants remains opaque in the literature. In this paper, we seek to clarify this issue through the identification of a typology of ESBMs. Through a series of 53 interviews and 7 stakeholder workshops we explore contemporary domestic ESBM examples in Europe. We find that while more basic energy supply contracts are commonplace, models which deliver energy saving performance or final energy services are rarer. We subsequently identify barriers to the adoption of these business models, before proposing 13 policy recommendations. We conclude that the ‘energy throughput orthodoxy’ which has governed liberalised energy markets will need to be challenged for these models to have a significant future impact.
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| 6 |
ID:
183090
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| Summary/Abstract |
Although Brazil has great potential to commercially produce second-generation ethanol (E2G), almost all ethanol currently produced in Brazil is first-generation ethanol (E1G). Considering that Brazil does not have a federal mandate requiring increased deployment of E2G to meet their biofuel blending requirement, the extent to which a market for E2G emerges will depend in part on the potential premium consumers are willing to pay for E2G. This work summarizes a consumer survey about their willingness to pay (WTP) for E2G. The survey was conducted in 24 Brazilian states to assess how WTP for E2G is affected by respondents’ driving habits, knowledge about biofuels, acceptance of relevant biofuel policies, and demographic characteristics. Using dichotomous-choice contingent valuation, we found that, on average, Brazilian consumers are willing to pay an 8.5 percent premium for gasoline blended with E2G. We estimate that an 8.5 percent price premium is enough to use as much as 62.5 percent of E2G in the currently mandated E27 blended fuel (E27) without the need of government support/subsidies. Results also suggested that consumers more informed about biofuels and with higher income are more likely to pay a premium for E2G. Informing consumers about E2G thus would enhance likelihood of adoption.
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| 7 |
ID:
183100
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| Summary/Abstract |
Geothermal energy systems can make it possible to source sustainable, zero-carbon heat through geothermal direct use. Jurisdictions with mature oil industries and well characterized reservoirs often have the greatest capacity to transition to geothermal energy, yet the same jurisdictions are also most likely to oppose it. Despite technical capabilities, studies show that public perception and policy can be significant limiting factors in geothermal development. We examine how stakeholders' discourses, networks, and resources interact over time to impact the success or failure of geothermal development within France and Alberta as two oil producing regimes. We found that these three elements of agency (discourse, resources, and networks) converge in France versus diverge in Alberta, and that their convergence is defined by their positive interaction with one another over time. We glean important lessons for policymakers interested in promoting energy transformation based on this analysis of the elements of agency in France and Alberta's geothermal case. The three policy recommendations are: policy for mobilizing third-party resources across the stakeholder network to support innovation; policy for aligning discourse about energy use across networks beyond the energy sector; and policy for enabling discourse about new energy resources that recognizes its distinctiveness from other resources.
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| 8 |
ID:
183094
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Italian electricity market was characterized by a remarkable decrease in demand during the COVID-19 lockdown (10 March to 2 June 2020). There were also negative peaks of over 50% and record low prices of about 20 Euro/MW. This paper aims to investigate the exercise of market power in the Italian power exchange during the pandemic, explicitly considering transmission line congestion, and disentangling the measure of the unilateral market power from congestion rent and re-dispatching costs.
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| 9 |
ID:
183099
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy policy failure is complex and to date there is a lack of a clear definition as society advances to a low-carbon world. Here a new definition is proposed, where energy policy does not meet local, national, and international energy and climate goals across the activities of the energy life-cycle and where just outcomes are not delivered. Energy policy failure is a major problem given the global aim of a low-carbon society, thus this paper conceptually sets out and defines energy policy failure in light of the energy transition, the 2015 Paris Agreement and the necessity of meeting energy and climate commitments. This conceptual research marks a first in connecting the current extensive energy justice literature with that of energy failure and under the premise of the climate emergency (announced by the United Nations in 2020). The direction here is both from a legal and an interdisciplinary perspective which is vital to energy research. The paper highlights the key literature on energy failures such as collapsed incentives, abandoned projects, mistakes, wrong paths, and bad decisions. It analyses some of the key causes and consequences of these energy policy failures, and aims to offer a solution for resolving them that meets the requirements of the just energy transition. At the heart of the paper's solution is the aim of furthering more fairness, equality, equity and inclusiveness into energy project decision-making, so that justice is at the centre of energy project development. Ensuring that this is the case will reduce a whole variety of project risks, result in successful project completion and reduce the possibility of energy policy failure, as society moves from the energy transition into net zero frameworks.
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| 10 |
ID:
183089
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| Summary/Abstract |
Iran is a natural-based resource economy and energy consumption is inefficient. The government in different periods has attempted to implement policies for reforming inefficiency in the energy sector. The facts indicate that inefficiency in the Iranian energy sector is a serious issue and dismantling phenomenon is seen in the energy policies. Policy dismantling in the energy sector is a recent phenomenon that little attention has been put on implementing reform policies in this sector. Thus, focusing on the dismantling of reform energy policies in Iran helps to understand the reasons for the failure of these policies. In this paper, an adapted framework was used for analyzing policy dismantling in the plan of Iranian targeting subsidies for the energy sector. We found how interactions between political economy, policy design, institutional constraints, and external factors (e.g., sanctions) influence policy dismantling in energy reform policies under targeting subsidies plan. On the base of results, we suggested some policies for effective designing and implementing energy reform policies for developing economies such as Iran.
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| 11 |
ID:
183117
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| Summary/Abstract |
Social innovation is increasingly turned to when attempting to address pressing social needs and emerging issues having a social impact because of its inherent promise for societal improvement. The aim of this paper is to explore, demonstrate and confirm the potential role of social innovations in contributing towards low-carbon transitions in the energy field. The study locates the adequate fields of intervention for energy policymaking for the support of social innovation through a multiple case study of six empirical social innovation cases in the energy field in Europe. We discuss the energy policy context of the social innovation cases and how they contribute to transition as well as their broader impacts. These cases demonstrate many positive effects including measurable impacts in emissions reduction, green investments and an increase in renewable energy production. The study shows that while there has been no general focus on diffusion, some social innovation cases have scaled up nationally and internationally highlighting the potential of transitions to social innovations on the system level. Finally, the paper highlights that legislative and non-legislative policies play a crucial role in the diffusion of social innovations as they are interlinked with administrative and socio-spatial scales and non-energy-related policies or societal fields.
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| 12 |
ID:
183101
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| Summary/Abstract |
In Mexico, since the 1970's, the O&G sector has been and still is at the center of national development strategies. This faith in the O&G sector for development and energy security is shared by most oil-exporting developing countries. Understanding their present impact potential is relevant to identify insights on their implementation, limitations or even justify their abandonment. This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of three of such conventional policies regarding their economic, environmental, and social impacts. We implement a scenario methodology, based on the input-output framework, that allows simulating different levels of success in the implementation of these policies.
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| 13 |
ID:
183084
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| Summary/Abstract |
Field experiments have shown that information nudging can help households to save energy, however, the effectiveness varies depending on aspects such as information content, delivery mode and study area. This article evaluates the impacts of information nudges on residential electricity consumption with a randomized field experiment. This opt-in experiment was conducted in Finland. Information was administered via monthly email newsletters and an online energy service platform. The aim is to find out whether i) energy saving tips combined with and without online energy service platform providing electricity consumption information, and ii) peer comparisons (i.e., social norm) influence households’ electricity consumption. The results show a high seasonal variation in the treatment effects within the groups who were registered users of the online energy service platform. Those with access to usage feedback and versatile energy savings tips (without the social norm comparisons) reduced their electricity consumption around 10% in wintertime. The results imply challenges in encouraging energy saving behavior among households less interested in following their electricity consumption.
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| 14 |
ID:
183097
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| Summary/Abstract |
Most rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems must be reviewed and approved by local governments and electric service providers prior to operation. These permitting, inspection, and interconnection (PII) requirements help ensure safe PV system installation and operation, but onerous requirements may needlessly delay construction and operation. Here, we analyze PV PII data to understand the effects of local PII requirements on PV process durations. We combine data on local PII requirements with estimates of process durations for 248,741 PV systems installed in the United States. The data show that local variations in PII requirements can partly explain variations in PV process durations. Requirements that would be expected to reduce durations—such as instant online approvals—are generally associated with shorter durations, while requirements that would be expected to increase durations—such as structural reviews—are associated with longer durations. We find only weak evidence that measures to expedite pre-install processes result in post-install delays, and similarly find only weak evidence that increased pre-install PII oversight can save time in post-install stages. Our results provide further rationale for PII authorities to analyze their requirements and identify opportunities to streamline PII processes.
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| 15 |
ID:
183108
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| Summary/Abstract |
Massive increases in Internet data traffic over the last years have led to rapidly rising electricity demand and CO2 emissions, giving rise to environmental externalities and network congestion costs. One particular concern is the rise in data traffic generated by video-streaming services. We analyze the electricity-saving potential related to video streaming in Europe from 2020 to 2030. To this end, three trend scenarios (Business-as-usual, Gray, and Green) are considered and modeled bottom-up, taking specific electricity consumption (and trends) of data transmission networks, end-use devices, and data centers into account. Using these scenarios, we examine in more detail the approximate electricity-saving impact that regulatory interventions and technical standards can have on the electricity consumption of end-users, network operators, and data centers. The model results reveal that regulatory intervention can have a significant impact on electricity consumption and CO2 emissions of the residential houshold sector.
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| 16 |
ID:
183087
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| Summary/Abstract |
Singapore is a small island-state and meticulously planned city. The lack of energy resources has underpinned its unwavering focus on energy efficiency. Yet to date it is unclear to what extent energy efficiency, or the so-called “hidden fuel” or “invisible fuel”, has contributed to reductions in its energy consumption. Using a comprehensive and unique set of energy and sectoral activity data, this study applies the energy intensity concept and index decomposition analysis technique to study the role of energy efficiency in reducing Singapore's energy consumption from 2005 to 2018. The results obtained show variations across energy consuming sectors, but overall energy efficiency has led to significant energy savings. A composite energy efficiency index is also constructed to quantify the extent of energy efficiency improvement economy-wide over time. The performance as captured by this index shows a slower rate of improvement as compared to that given by the reduction in Singapore's aggregate energy-to-GDP ratio. This development is similar to that observed in most OECD countries. The framework developed can be applied to the study of other major cities especially those in Southeast Asia. It should be noted that, while the approach used has been widely accepted in the energy efficiency literature, the energy efficiency trends derived are dependent on the activity indicators chosen to represent the useful work performed in the respective sectors. The results should therefore be interpreted in this context.
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| 17 |
ID:
183124
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| Summary/Abstract |
As one of the highest energy-consuming sectors, Kenya's manufacturing sector share of electricity consumption in 2019 was 50.16%. That of fuel consumption was 12%, the second-highest after the transport sector. It is therefore important to analyze the sector's energy efficiency and its determinants. A stochastic frontier analysis based on the assumption of a translog production function at the sub-sector level is estimated by employing a pooled model covering the years 2007, 2013 and 2018 in the analysis of electricity efficiency and 2007 and 2013 in the analysis of fuel and total energy efficiency. The sub-sectors of interest are: chemicals, pharmaceuticals and plastics, food, textile and garments and the other manufacturing sub-sector. The results show significant potential to enhance electricity, fuel and total energy efficiency across all the sub-sectors. The findings further reveal that exporting status, research and development, top managers' experience and female ownership enhance energy efficiency. The effect of these variables is, however heterogeneous by sub-sector and energy form. Labor productivity negatively influences electricity, fuel and total energy efficiency while the effect of firm age and size is ambiguous. Finally, the study provides policy implications for the design of policies to improve energy efficiency.
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| 18 |
ID:
183106
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| Summary/Abstract |
Residential firewood burning is the main source of PM2.5 emissions in southern and central Chile. In Chile, approximately 4000 premature deaths are observed each year due to air pollution. Mitigation policies aim to reduce dwellings' energy demand and foster cleaner but more expensive energy sources. Pre-existing energy poverty conditions are often overlooked in these policies, even though they can negatively affect the adoption of these measures. This article uses southern and central Chile as a case study to assess quantitatively different policy scenarios of PM2.5 emissions between 2017 and 2050, considering energy poverty-related effects. Results show that PM2.5 emissions will grow 16% over time under a business as usual scenario. If thermal improvement and stove/heater replacements are implemented, PM2.5 reductions depend on the scale of the policy: a 5%–6% reduction of total southern and central Chile PM2.5 emissions if only cities with Atmospheric Decontamination Plans are included; a 54%–56% reduction of PM2.5 emissions if these policies include other growing cities. Our study shows that the energy poverty effect potentially reduces the effectiveness of these measures in 25%. Consequently, if no anticipatory measures are taken, Chile's energy transition goals could be hindered and the effectiveness of mitigation policies to improve air quality significantly reduced.
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| 19 |
ID:
183095
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| Summary/Abstract |
Energy security is considered the constituent element of sustainable development for an emerging country like Bangladesh. We aim to investigate Bangladesh's energy security level by employing the 4As framework from 2014 to 2019. We reveal that Bangladesh's energy security showed a declining trend from 2014 and reached a minimum in 2016. However, from 2017 onwards, it started to show an improving trend compared to 2014. The improvements mainly come from the Availability and Applicability dimensions; however, the Acceptability and Affordability dimensions still show that country is yet to achieve proper energy security. We argue that despite the recent success in the energy sector and the subsequent improvement in the energy security level, further concrete policy initiatives are required for sustainable energy security in the long-run. We recommend symmetrical improvement policies in all of the 4As dimensions for future sustainable energy security in Bangladesh.
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| 20 |
ID:
183123
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| Summary/Abstract |
Variable renewable energy (VRE) and energy storage systems (ESS) are essential pillars of any strategy to decarbonize power systems. However, there are still questions about the effects of their interaction in systems where coal’s electricity generation share is large. Some studies have shown that in the absence of significant VRE capacity ESS can increase CO2 emissions. This paper shows that contrary to this intuition, ESS reduces operational costs and emissions even without higher penetration of VRE in power systems with large shares of coal. It also shows that when combined with VRE, ESS delivers higher benefits. These findings are based on the examination of China Southern Power Grid under seven VRE and ESS penetration scenarios. Results show that at the 2018 penetration levels, ESS alone reduced operational costs by 2.8% and CO2 emissions by 1% and that by being paired with VRE, these reductions increased to 8.1% and 6.5%, respectively. The results clarify the synergy between ESS and VRE and explain the underlying mechanism. While VRE lowers coal units’ economic efficiency and environmental performance (measured in RMB/MWh and kg CO2/MWh), ESS offsets this effect by increasing large coal units’ power generation and improving their efficiency. ESS reduces coal consumption and CO2 emissions by substituting power generation from low-efficiency coal units with electricity from high-efficiency units and allowing them to operate at levels closer to full capacity and avoid start-ups.
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