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| 1 |
ID:
183445
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| Summary/Abstract |
Since the 1990s, many publications in the world have predicted the "imminent collapse of the North Korean regime" or a change of power in the country. However, so far this has not happened, and the DPRK continues to exist in its former form. What leads to such chronically unrealizable predictions about North Korea, and what are the alternatives for the future of this country in the short and medium term?
Based on a number of recent unfulfilled predictions, the authors try to explain the reason for these failures, closely related to ideological framework, lack of information, and dependence on certain sources, which leads to underestimation of the DPRK's capabilities and misinterpretation of data, when any event is seen as a sign of the regime's imminent collapse. Based on the theoretical approaches of Gordon Tullock and Vladimir Lenin, the article identifies the main types of modern threats to the current political regime (external invasion, coup within the elite, economic collapse, mass protests), as well as the probability of their implementation under the current policy of the DPRK leadership.
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| 2 |
ID:
183448
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The 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Mongolia, which the two neighboring countries will celebrate on November 5, 2021, provides cause to assess the current state of bilateral cooperation, existing problems and prospects for its development.
In recent years, the intensification of Russian-Mongolian relations has been considered in the context of the trilateral Program for the Creation of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor. Despite the lack of certain results at the moment, implementation of a number of infrastructure projects is being prepared as part of this program, which should significantly strengthen the economic base of Russia's cooperation with Mongolia and China.
This article analyzes problems of implementing plans for developing transportation and energy infrastructure through Mongolia, which are considered the basis for trilateral cooperation. Particular attention is paid to plans for developing railroad networks. Promising areas for improving transborder infrastructure within the framework of Mongolian corridor program are highlighted.
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| 3 |
ID:
183451
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This article studies PRC policy toward the Chinese diaspora during the periods of Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping (from 1993 to the present). This period saw the evolution of mechanisms created earlier for working abroad with Chinese expatriates (huaqiao-huareri), domestically with huaqiao-huaren who have returned to China, relatives of émigrés, and émigrés who have returned to China (guiqiao-qiaojuan) in a flexible system capable of adapting to the Chinese and international reality and effectively drawing the resources of the diaspora to implementing grand PRC projects and initiatives.
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| 4 |
ID:
183452
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article studies PRC policy toward the Chinese diaspora during the periods of Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping (from 1993 to the present). This period saw the evolution of mechanisms created earlier for working abroad with Chinese expatriates (huaqiao-huaren), domestically with huaqiao-huaren who have returned to China, relatives of émigrés, and émigrés who have returned to China (guiqiao-qiaojuan) in a flexible system capable of adapting to Chinese and international reality and effectively drawing the resources of the diaspora to implementing grand PRC projects and initiatives.
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| 5 |
ID:
183454
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This article analyzes the concept of Great Unity (datong), textually enshrined in the Liyun section of the treatise Kongzi Jiayu. Confucian thinkers consider the concept of Great Unity to be the ideal state in which the Celestial Empire existed in the period of golden antiquity. This concept is of direct relevance to contemporary Chinese political culture. It was embodied in the idea of the "Community of Common Destiny for Mankind" (renlei mingyun gongtongti), proposed by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, in November 2012, at the 18th CPC Congress. This article reveals the main ideological content of the Liyun section of Kongzi Jiayu and makes a preliminary comparison with the chapter of the same name from the famous written artifact Liji.
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| 6 |
ID:
183446
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The author considers the development of Taiwan's position on historical claims to the waters, islands, skerries, and resources of the South China Sea under international law. The article compares the approaches of Taiwan's two leading political parties (Nationalist and Democratic Progressive) to substantiating the country's claims on the natural resources and adjacent waters. The reasons for the emergence and disappearance of the concept in Taiwanese law of "historic waters" to which the jurisdiction of the Republic of China (Nationalist China) should presumably extend are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to Taiwan's measures for the "effective occupation" of two islands (Taiping and Pratas) in the South China Sea. Changes in Taiwan's official position under different administrations are analyzed. While agreeing on everything where Taiping Island is concerned, the Nationalist and Democratic Progressive parties differ over all other pieces of land in the South China Sea. De facto correspondence of the foreign policy positions of Mainland China and the Nationalists, stemming from ideas of a common Chinese identity, is revealed in examining approaches to interpreting the notorious "U-shaped line." The Progressive Democrat-ic Party's attitude toward the South China Sea is due to the Taiwanese identity of its supporters. An obvious contradiction is noted: On the one hand, the Progressive Democrats proclaim the sovereignty of Taiwan (the Republic of China) over all islands in the South China Sea while supporting the unity of the "two shores of the Strait" on the issue of China's territorial integrity. On the other, it pragmatically recognizes the impossibility of actually exercising its nominal sovereignty over the disputed territories, and its doubtfulness from the viewpoint of international law. Nuances in Taiwan's attitude toward the Hague Tribunal's verdict on the Philippines' suit against China, reflected in a number of government statements, are examined in detail. Reasons for the Tribunal's refusal to recognize Taiping Island, the largest in the Pratas group, are identified.
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| 7 |
ID:
183450
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This article analyzes the informal system of relations in Japan (Jinmyaku). Its essence is collective loyalty, and it serves as the basis of the practice of transferring Amakudari (retired officials) to top positions in the corporations and companies that they regulated while serving in government ministries. It is believed that Amakudari allowed government to run the businesses most efficiently and were one factor of the Japanese economic miracle. However, after a series of scandals in the 1990s, attitudes toward this practice began to change, and it was increasingly associated with corruption. In 2008, the National Civil Service Act banned officials from working in companies with which they had contacts while working in civil service for two years after leaving their post. Exceptions were possible only with the consent of the National Personnel Office. But the Amakudari practice continued unofficially and still exists today.
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| 8 |
ID:
183449
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| Summary/Abstract |
In the 21st century, after the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, expressed in the increase in the average annual temperature and the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic phenomena (droughts, floods, tornadoes, sudden thaws, frosts, melting glaciers, etc.), has become the most difficult and potentially most dangerous environmental problem. All these phenomena cause significant damage to nature, human beings, and the economy. Climate change is associated with the increase of the "greenhouse effect" - the total increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human economic activity; industrial, transport, and agricultural emissions; deforestation; and land degradation.
Even though the causes of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change remain unclear, and the proposed hypotheses have not been proved by anyone, the world community accuses China of environmental dishonesty. Indeed, due to current historical circumstances, China is the biggest producer of greenhouse gases. It amounts to about 30% of all the global emissions, i.e., twice as much as the US. It pollutes the air more than all European countries combined, and over the past 20 years, CO2 emissions have grown six times faster than elsewhere in the world. The country's share of global greenhouse gas emissions is significantly higher than its share of the global GDP (about 19.35%), i.e., it has a "large carbon footprint," and special efforts are required to reduce it.
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| 9 |
ID:
183453
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The creation of an alphabet and system of spelling for the Chinese language [Standard Beijing (Northern) Mandarin/Putong -hua] (the Pinyin Zimu Project) gave new life to ancient Chinese characters. In 1958, the "Great Mute," the Chinese character, began speaking to the world for the first time with the sounds of Beijing speech. Today the two forms of Chinese Mandarin writing, traditional ideographic and innovative phonographic, together ensure the linguo-cultural unity of Chinese society and the progress of science and technology in China. Millions of people in China and beyond are studying the Chinese language based on the phonetic standard of words in Putonghua. The use of letters to spell Chinese words ensures tele- and Internet communication for hundreds of millions of Chinese. In the 20th century, the first Latinized alphabet for the Chinese language was created under the influence of the experience of creating alphabets for nonliterate peoples of the USSR in 1921-1926. One of the founders and leaders of the CPC, Qu Qiubai (officially listed in the 100 Greatest Figures of New China), played a leading role in this project.
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| 10 |
ID:
183447
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This article discusses some relevant problems of the spatial development of Russian Priamurye, i.e., Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, and the Jewish Autonomous Region. The results of afield sociological study conducted by the authors in these regions in September 2020 are presented, as are some comparative data for social well-being of the northern and southern regions of the Far East according to the results of a survey taken in August and September 2019. A sample is constructed on the model using key features in their set and based on quota-proportional and territorial methods. The sample size is 659 respondents. The empirical object of the study is the regions' adult population. The social situation of Priamurye's population, their attitudes toward migration and toward labor migrants from abroad, the economic situation, and the development dynamics of key enterprises of the mezzoregion are considered. The article discusses the main causes of mass migration intentions. Also, social stratification in the regions and increasing income disparity are still serious problems. The population of Priamurye is acutely aware of increasing income disparity in the mezzoregion and points to the lack of social justice as an important factor motivating migration. Virtually, in order to retain and attract people to Priamurye, it is necessary to maintain a higher living standard in these regions than in European Russia. The remoteness of the Far East and its more severe climate require compensatory mechanisms in other areas, as well.
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