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ID:
184210
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| Summary/Abstract |
The 17th century was a period of transition in world history. It was marked globally by social movements emerging in response to widespread drought, famine, disease, warfare, and dislocation linked to climate change. Historians have yet to situate Safavid Iran (1501–1722) within the “General Crisis.” This article, coauthored by an environmental historian and a climate scientist, revisits primary sources and incorporates tree-ring evidence to argue that an ecological crisis beginning in the late 17th century contributed to the collapse of the imperial ecology of the Safavid Empire. A declining resource base and demographic decline conditioned the unraveling of imperial networks and the empire's eventual fall to a small band of Afghan raiders in 1722. Ultimately, this article makes a case for the connectedness of Iran to broader global environmental trends in this period, with local circumstances and human agency shaping a period of acute environmental crisis in Iran.
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| 2 |
ID:
192256
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| Summary/Abstract |
Iran’s 1979 Revolution was accomplished with the participation of a wide range of actors and social groups, with a wide range of motivations and visions for the future. How did the revolution become an ‘Islamic’ revolution? This article revisits the Islamic Republican Party’s print publications in the formative period of the Islamic Republic (1979-81) to explore one element of this process: the ideological framing of Marxist competitors. In the pages of Jumhuri Islami and other semi-official publications, they framed the Feda’in and Mojahedin as ‘ sharqzade ’ (‘eastoxicated’) counterparts to the Shah’s ‘ gharbzade ’ (‘westoxicated’) regime. Authors used two main discursive strategies: painting Marxist groups as possessing an eclectic, materialist ideology at odds with Iranian culture, and as modern counterparts to the ‘hypocrites’ ( monafeqin ) who opportunistically turned against the Prophet Mohammad in Medina. Revolutions are processes, with social groups forming and mobilizing resources to shape their outcomes. Historicizing the ‘Islamic’ nature of the revolution as part of the revolutionary process remains critical for debates over its meanings and legacies more than forty years later.
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