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| 1 |
ID:
191086
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| Summary/Abstract |
As part of its intelligence warfare against Israel, Hamas made the identification and targeting of collaborators with Israel a top priority. During those years, the Hamas practice was to apply different degrees of detention and torture of those suspected of collaborating. However, in some cases, Hamas chose a different tactic of exploiting collaborators to transform a threat into an opportunity. Hamas turned some collaborators into double agents, using them to advance its objectives. This article examines some of the doubling operations carried out by Hamas on Israeli collaborators over the last three decades. Examining these cases reveal how Hamas’s doubling methods developed over time, concurrently with the movement’s evolution. Thus, the doubling operations became more organized and sophisticated, being used for propaganda and deterrence purposes as well as other goals. The article explores an interesting aspect of Hamas’s counterintelligence activity in its struggle against the state of Israel. In addition, it sheds light on how a nonstate organization can use doubling of sources as part of its asymmetric war against a state.
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| 2 |
ID:
192258
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| Summary/Abstract |
Like any military power, violent non-state actors operate intelligence, including human intelligence (HUMINT), to suit their needs. The article aims to explore the primary methods used by Hezbollah and Hamas in recruiting and handling human sources since the mid-2000s, illustrating each method with several case studies. An examination of these methods may shed light on a significant aspect of the intelligence war waged by Hezbollah and Hamas against Israel. In addition, analysis of these organizations’ HUMINT activity demonstrates how violent non-state actors, which are inherently the weaker side in their asymmetric warfare against advanced state entities, can compensate for their disadvantages and conduct effective intelligence activity. The article reveals how the clever and creative use of HUMINT maximizes its benefits for violent non-state actors.
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| 3 |
ID:
185264
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| Summary/Abstract |
As the inherently weaker party in an asymmetric conflict with a state, most non-state actors tend to revert to an offsetting strategy to neutralise the adversary’s advantages and exploit its vulnerabilities. To counter this strategy stronger parties might adopt a strategy defined in the article as an ‘Offsetting the Offset Strategy’ (OTOS). By exploring Israel’s OTOS vis-à-vis Hamas during the May 2021 Gaza war, this article illustrates and analyses the nature and characteristics of this strategy. It shows that while OTOS has some significant advantages, it also entails several drawbacks that policymakers must take into account.
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