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| 1 |
ID:
188285
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| Summary/Abstract |
The implementation of equality and antidiscrimination strategies in Polish intelligence and counterintelligence institutions has lagged behind the rise in the number of female functionaries serving in them. Women in the Polish secret services are exposed to systemic prejudices and stereotypes that are rooted in a patriarchal mentality and in so-called muscular thinking. The underrepresentation of women in top management and leadership positions continues to be a barrier for women seeking careers in military and civilian agencies. Due to the hermetic and hierarchical character of such institutions and the predominance of men in them, organized promotion of gender diversity is very important. This is nonetheless related to the issue of tokenism, which leads to the informal isolation of women and to role encapsulation. The position of women in a male-dominated environment is undermined by the behavior patterns established by culture and the biological features attributed to the female body and to femininity. Changes have been initiated by women networking in Polish security institutions, but this is a gradual process.
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| 2 |
ID:
188077
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article examines the origins, structure and role of the Polish counterterrorism system, which is then set against the rising threat posed by state and non-state actors employing hybrid warfare tools. We demonstrate the usefulness of anti-terrorist regulations, not only in counteracting terrorist groups, but also in the thwarting of operations engaged in by various entities waging hybrid warfare. We argue that lessons learned from the international struggle against terrorism can contribute to the development of proper prescriptions that seek to tackle hybrid threats. Extensive anti-terror instruments and measures implemented since 2016 are among the key elements in the contemporary defense and security doctrine being pursued by Poland. However, while the new regulations have provided intelligence agencies with strong powers that markedly enhance their capabilities regarding the recognition of hybrid threats, the same flexible legal regulations, subject to broad interpretation, may also serve a partisan agenda, and thus endanger the rule of law.
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