| Summary/Abstract |
The global COVID-19 pandemic was an intelligence failure, with a death toll orders of magnitude greater than the 11 September 2001 (9/11) attacks on the United States. Multiple factors—of both political and policy natures—contributed to the catastrophe. One area that warrants scrutiny is the United States’ capability for bio-surveillance: identifying the presence of a pathogen before it can take hold within a population. Since 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has had a responsibility for one line of defense against biological disasters and yet has stumbled toward implementing that defense, while promising a sense of security that it cannot deliver.
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