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| 1 |
ID:
189305
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| Summary/Abstract |
The recognition by the Chinese academic community of the commodity economy's right to exist in a planned economy, as well as the possibility of market development under socialism, was a major breakthrough in the history of Marxism. Socialism in conjunction with the market marked the beginning of the formation of the socialist market economy system in the PRC and the development of a mixed economy. In addition, the principle of "public ownership as the basis for the joint development of economies of multiple forms of ownership" was named as the basic economic system of the country at the initial stage of socialism development. Today, it is officially called one of the most important advantages of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is this advantage, according to China, that has enabled high rates of economic growth and made the country one of the world's leading economies. But this unique feature and advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristics can be manifested and realized only within a certain coordinate system - namely, an overarching system of state administration in which the basic economic system is responsible for managing the development of the country's economy at the institutional level.
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| 2 |
ID:
189304
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This article analyzes trends in the trade and economic cooperation of the People's Republic of China in the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025). China is the world leader in foreign trade. In 2021, China's trade turnover in dollar terms increased by 30% to $6.05 trillion, including exports of $3.36 trillion and imports of $2.69 trillion. According to the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC), yuan trade turnover increased by 21.4% over the same period to 39.1 trillion yuan, with exports up 21.2% to 21.73 trillion yuan and imports up 21.5% to 17.37 trillion yuan.
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| 3 |
ID:
189302
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This article examines the state-legal and socioeconomic development of the People's Republic of China in 2021 and analyzes some trends of state-building in China over the past 10 years. On the basis of reports presented at the final, fifth session of the 13th National People's Congress (March 2022), we cite the main work results of the State Council, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Prosecutor's Office in 2021. The adopted laws testify to the strengthening of the state's role in social and economic life, as well as the attention of the Chinese law-making body to the legal safeguarding of sovereignty and protection of national interests in the international arena in the face of sanctions and increasing confrontation with the West.
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| 4 |
ID:
189303
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Now in its 21st year, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) finds itself in a period of transition. The organization has successfully completed its first round of expansion, altering the global and regional political landscape. As a result of this expansion, the organization has encountered some functional difficulties that include drafting and implementing important decisions. The SCO's authority in the global arena has thus grown, but coordinating the positions of all members of the organization and seeking consensus is now laborious. The administrative status of the organization's secretariat must be raised and its powers expanded in order to make its operation more effective. This article proposes a rethinking of the decision-making format that reflects the changing correlation of forces within the organization after its expansion, in light of objective difficulties in reaching consensus.
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| 5 |
ID:
189311
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| Summary/Abstract |
The official list of ethnic groups of the People's Republic of China, begun in the 1950s and completed in 1979, included and still includes 56 groups speaking a total of 54 languages. Extensive field research in recent years has shown that the ethnic and linguistic picture of the country is in fact much more complex and diverse than had been imagined until the late 1970s. China remains one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, but many minority languages and varieties of Chinese dialects, both previously known and newly discovered, are now spoken only by a few thousand, a few dozen, or even a handful of older locals. The most important task set by the Chinese state for linguists is to further study, with electronic preservation, the numerous languages of minority ethnic groups, any Chinese dialects, and, more recently, samples of local spiritual and material culture. From 2015 to 2019, an ambitious China Language Resource Preservation Program was implemented. The materials collected during field research, including those on endangered language varieties, have been presented in numerous publications and used to create a unique online platform available to linguists and partially to ordinary Internet users. The next phase of the study and preservation of China's linguistic and cultural heritage was initiated by the government in 2020. A document devoted entirely to language problems and language policy was published by the Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China in 2021.
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| 6 |
ID:
189309
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article examines the position of Russian emigrants in Manchuria (Dà Mǎnzhōu Dìguó) during the Japanese war for "Great East Asia." Based on the unique archives of the Bureau for Russian Emigrants' Affairs in the Manchurian Empire (BREA) and documents of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, the authors reveal attempts by the Japanese military mission (JMM) to exploit the patriotic feelings of White Russians in order to convert them into loyal subjects of the puppet empire and allies in the struggle for domination in East Asia. To that end, under the supervision of the JMM, systematic ideological and political efforts were made to instill the values of Japanese imperialist policy in Russian emigrants. The authors demonstrate the failure of anti-Soviet propaganda amid growing "defensist" sentiments among the Russian emigrants. For the majority of the emigrants, their patriotism proved stronger than the Japanese political propaganda and the fear of being punished by the military regime that had established police rule.
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| 7 |
ID:
189307
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This article aims to determine the degree of correlation between innovation development and the standard of living of the population in the regions. The study is based on the application of standard methods of data collection and processing, correlation analysis, and ratings. Official statistics, foreign and domestic sources of ratings by the Global Innovation Index (GII), Human Development Index (HDI), Quality of Life Index (QOLI), as well as the Russian Regional Innovation Index (RRII), were used as the data set. Comparative analysis and assessments were conducted for regions in the Russian Far East and neighboring countries in the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). According to the GII-2021 ranking, APR countries are among the top 15 countries in the world, with Russia ranked 45th out of 132; according to the HDI-2019, Hong Kong is among the top five, with the remaining countries ranked below 11th place and Russia ranked 52nd.
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| 8 |
ID:
189306
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| Summary/Abstract |
Cross-border cooperation between Russia and China is not only an important part of bilateral cooperation but also a stimulus for the accelerated development of frontier territories. Studies of its results over the past 30 years allow us to trace institutional changes in both countries, as well as general trends in their foreign trade and investment activity. The current state of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation is mainly characterized by gradually waning interest on both sides, which belies the growing number of state programs, framework agreements, and initiatives with major political support. China is increasingly cautious about transit benefits and prospects of industrial cooperation at the local level due to the small market capacity of the Russian Far East and its underdeveloped infrastructure. Both countries are displaying distrust, bilateral projects are becoming increasingly uncoordinated, their implementation is delayed, and the results are contrary to expectations. To understand the reasons for this imbalance, the authors consistently analyze the main dimensions and indicators of Russia-China cross-border cooperation, the specifics of the current legal and institutional framework, as well as the results of a number of state programs and major bilateral projects.
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| 9 |
ID:
189308
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| Summary/Abstract |
This article presents a comparative macroeconomic analysis of the results of agricultural policy in the area of food security in Russia. China, and Japan. Russia has a lot more agricultural land - a factor of basic importance in food production - than its eastern neighbors China and Japan. China is the leader in terms of gross agricultural production, especially in cereal crops and grain legumes, stone fruits, berries, citrus fruits and grapes, vegetables, melons and gourds, as well as eggs. With respect to those products, China has complete self-sufficiency, but at the same time, the country experiences shortages in its own production of potatoes, meat, and milk. Japan cannot fully supply its own stone fruits, berries, citrus fruits and grapes, vegetables, melons and gourds, as well as meat and milk. Russia also has a shortage in its production of those products, with the exception of meat, of which it has ample supply. The average Russian citizen does not consume enough vegetables, melons and gourds, as well as milk and dairy products, for which there is a low level of self-sufficiency and economic accessibility in the country.
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| 10 |
ID:
189310
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| Summary/Abstract |
The 1946 land reform is one of the most important events in the history of North Korea. Carried out in record time despite resistance and fierce class struggle, it abolished landlord property rights and the leasehold system, paving the way for the nationalization of industry and the construction of a socialist state. It also had great influence on South Korea, creating pressure on the US administration and the right-wing political forces it supported.
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