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| 1 |
ID:
190210
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| Summary/Abstract |
In his autobiography Hawkeye, Israeli fighter ace Giora Even-Epstein recalls flying the Fighting Falcon F-16, and comments that “Flying an F-16 was different than any other plane I’d ever flown. It felt like it was the computer more than the pilot that was flying the plane.”
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| 2 |
ID:
190197
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| Summary/Abstract |
Policy and technology initiatives are important pillars for building high-value, high-technology industries. Information technology and automobile industries, despite their contribution to Indian economy, have remained relatively low-value industries as maximum profits go to foreign companies. The Indian unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) industry, led by start-ups and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), has the potential to change the trajectory and become intellectual property-led high-value industry. The Drone Rules, 2021, notified on 25 August, has set into motion a series of policy reforms, providing muchneeded stimulus to the Indian UAS industry. India is aiming to become a global drone hub by 2030; however, its UAS manufacturing industry faces certain challenges and policy implementation contradictions. An examination of technological initiatives taken by global leaders in UAS technologies and lack of corresponding initiatives in India indicates significant technological gaps. Therefore, ‘anusandhan’ (research) becomes an important pillar for covering these gaps and building a selfreliant high-technology, high-value globally competitive UAS industry in India.
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| 3 |
ID:
190202
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Chemical or Biological Weapons (CBW) of mass destruction and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology both have dual-use potential, and can be manufactured cost-effectively, covertly utilising the same set of equipment, manufacturing unit and manpower, which makes it a deadly combination. The proliferation of CBW technology has always been a global threat. The threat of CBW-weaponised drones from non-state actors has been escalating with increasing covert support to terrorism by state actors. The UAV technology is a truly disruptive technology having facilitated covert and asymmetric warfare and blurring the conventional concepts of combats, conflicts and sovereignty. The entry of sophisticated UAV technology, weaponised with emerging highly potent synthetic biological agents or nerve agents have brought in tectonic shifts in biological and chemical warfare of the future. Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons have evoked fear. The marriage between modern CBW and UAV technologies is a lethal combination; an attractive proposition for state- or non-state-sponsored warfare or terrorism respectively, and another potent challenge for global security agencies.
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| 4 |
ID:
190204
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| Summary/Abstract |
The launch of Drone Policy 2021 has dramatically liberalised the procurement and operation of drones, or Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), in the Indian skies. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s personal insights into the outreach of technology to the masses is a booster step towards the success of drone industry in India. As part of ‘Atmanirbharta’, the government has rolled out a vision to make India a drone manufacturing hub by 2030. The unprecedented confidence instilled in major companies and start-ups seems to be the direct result of Production Linked Investment (PLI) schemes as incentives by the government. However, even as the drone industry gears up to take flight, it is also prudent to keep pace with counter-drone measures and issues of airspace management. The air defence agencies need to be fully equipped with sensors, shooters, and integrated procedures for the system to develop wholesomely and eliminate any security concerns. This article attempts to provide the details of drone proliferation, counterdrone measures, and the need for air space management.
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| 5 |
ID:
190203
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| Summary/Abstract |
Unmanned systems pose grave threat to several countries and their interests due to a number of reasons: low barrier of entry into the procurement sector, commercial availability off the shelf (COTS), ubiquity, persistence and low radar cross section (RCS). Due to this, counter drone systems have been either deployed piecemeal or existing air defence systems have been used to fill the gap. The Indian Armed Forces have a very limited experience of dealing with either drones or counter-drone systems in an operational environment. The Jammu attack using improvised drones was a wake-up call. With the impetus to indigenisation given through ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’, this is an opportune time for the Indian defence industry to rise up to the challenge. However, it is equally important that certain guiding philosophies, based on other countries’ experiences, role of drones, threats posed and possible counter-measures be analysed so that a definite addition can be made in the drone literature in the Indian context. This article intends to do the same. By first briefly analysing the historical context under which the role of unmanned systems gained ground, followed by their unique characteristics and qualities, various counter-drone systems in vogue and case studies, the article attempts a prognosis on a practical counter-drone philosophy for the Indian Armed Forces, using a combination of academia and a practitioner’s perspective.
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| 6 |
ID:
190205
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| Summary/Abstract |
The history of war is replete with instances where a nation that has effectively, and innovatively harnessed technology has been victorious. From innovations stem revolutions in military warfare, and the current world order is witnessing a very profound and rapid revolution through the employment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), be it in conventional conflicts such as Nagorno–Karabakh (Azerbaijan–Armenia), the current Russia–Ukraine conflict or the unconventional ‘Global War on Terror’ in Afghanistan. The innovative and teamed employment of UAS has been the defining factor in modern conflicts. Thus, it is imperative for modern forces to possess counter-UAS capability, which shall redefine the future of warfare.
This article discusses the future roles of UAS, analyses its tactical, operational and strategic impact, assesses its vulnerabilities and having ascertained the need for counter-UAS (C-UAS) capabilities in future wars, suggests a C-UAS philosophy, methodology, kill chain and plausible approach in the Indian context.
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| 7 |
ID:
190206
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| Summary/Abstract |
When Tesla and SpaceX Founder Elon Musk, in a room full of US Air Force personnel, asserted that autonomous drone warfare is the future and will replace fighter jets, it sparked a controversial but crucial debate.1 The decade post 9/11 saw the proliferation of drones in the military domain. Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been used extensively to disable conventional weapon systems in Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Libya and Ukraine. Hence comes the conundrum of replaceability and disruptiveness of conventional warfare vis-à-vis drone warfare. UAVs are a ‘product of deep integration of technology and Information systems’.2 Further, rapid advancements in cloud computing, big data, networking, and artificial intelligence have propelled the desirability of using drones due to their superior surveillance and strike capabilities.
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| 8 |
ID:
190200
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| Summary/Abstract |
The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or the unmanned aircraft, commonly called ‘drones’, have emerged as the new face of a technologically oriented warfare today. They provide the state with the technological capabilities to strike with utmost accuracy without the risk of endangering human lives of the armed forces. Today, drones have become the strategic weapons of choice for most of the states, including India. However, as the military technologies keep advancing and proliferation methods become more sophisticated (the case of UAVs illustrates this point), there is a challenge to the effectiveness of the existing arms control and export control regimes, like the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Wassenaar Arrangement, the Arms Trade Treaty. Indeed, one would wonder if the current international control measures are enough to prevent the proliferation of drones. This article aims to investigate some of these issues and answer whether proliferation of drones challenge the existing arms control regimes, and if so, how states should establish or modify the drones/arms control regimes to limit the proliferation of drones without endangering national security.
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| 9 |
ID:
190196
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| Summary/Abstract |
Sea-based unmanned crafts are increasingly being used by navies across the globe because of their utility and multi-mission capabilities. The future of naval warfare will be driven by unmanned systems thereby reducing the risk to human lives. This article explores the sea-based unmanned crafts that includes a survey of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) for military use. It includes a description of sea-based unmanned crafts, the present doctrines and standards, technology advancements and applications. This work presents the challenges and legal issues in deploying such technologies, global developments with their typical applications and the prospects of their applicability. In the future, it is believed that with the imminent fusion of the military–civil and the academia, unmanned systems will be used widely in civil and military matters.
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| 10 |
ID:
190198
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| Summary/Abstract |
India’s commercial drone industry is growing and the drone market is expected to become a multi-billion-dollar industry over the next decade. In this drone era, the smaller drone systems, that is, small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) are also gaining traction in Indian armed forces for use in Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) and as armed sUAS for kamikaze role.
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| 11 |
ID:
190199
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| Summary/Abstract |
Terrorism continues to be a major source of concern to nations as it poses a serious and evolving threat. It also constitutes a direct challenge to the national security and, more importantly, to national unity. India has been in the crosshairs of terrorism for over four decades hence it is imperative that there should be a robust technology driven anti-terror mechanism in place to effectively counter terror. Unmanned aerial vehicles would fit the bill perfectly in India’s fight against terror, especially urban terror. They have numerous advantages and can provide effective intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities as well as enhance India’s operational preparedness to safeguard its citizens and thwart any terrorism attempts.
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| 12 |
ID:
190208
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| Summary/Abstract |
The objective of this commentary is to determine several parameters of the shooting down of slow flying objects.1 If we have some basic information regarding the motion of the drone/helicopter and we also know the velocity with which the bullet will be discharged, then we may evaluate the angle of projection (a) so that the bullet will shoot down the drone/helicopter even if it has manoeuvring effect due to acceleration or retardation. Obviously, the conclusions of the commentary will also hold if any other objects in the air replace the drone/helicopter. The reason that we have specifically concentrated on the drone/helicopter is because it is practically possible for a bullet to strike it. In the case of fighter jets, which usually move at great speed, further incentive momentum would be required during the motion to enable a striking projectile to make contact with them in the available time. This is possible for a guided missile, but not a bullet.
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| 13 |
ID:
190207
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| Summary/Abstract |
A new phase of drone warfare has come, involving several actors and the usage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has progressed beyond
counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations to full-scale conventional battles. Moreover, as technology advances and is linked to artificial intelligence, a new third era of drone warfare is on the horizon. It is therefore pertinent to analyse the global proliferation of military drones, the indigenisation of military drones in India and to examine where India stands in the context of military drones.
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| 14 |
ID:
190201
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| Summary/Abstract |
Drones are increasingly proving their relevance in a number of areas, including military. These unmanned systems could also have utility for different missions relating to nuclear science and technology. Although drones have demonstrated their usefulness in radiation monitoring in 1940s, yet their role as delivery vehicles is being debated. The weight, range, speed and endurance factors make a nuclear weapon country to prefer missiles and bombers. Technology is progressing very fast, and drones are taking advantage of the rapid developments in new technologies. Tomorrow, drones may be considered relevant for delivering at least some categories of nuclear weapons if these technological advancements result in enhancing the required capabilities
of drones. However, even with the existing technological level, these unmanned systems are useful not merely for surveillance of adversary’s nuclear facilities and assets but also for nuclear safety and security.
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| 15 |
ID:
190209
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| Summary/Abstract |
Drones, often referred to as ‘dull, dirty and dangerous’, are fast becoming crucial to militaries around the world as a force multiplier
owing to their ability to perform diverse tasks. The term ‘drones’ is often used interchangeably with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and they mostly refer to the same class of aerial devices which can be manually operated or pre-programmed.1 Military drones are generally employed for varied tasks including surveillance and high-resolution monitoring during conflicts or in a contested environment, but now they are also being used for delivering weapons.
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| 16 |
ID:
190195
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| Summary/Abstract |
The Unmanned Systems, either remotely operated or autonomous to different degrees, have already become a part of defence inventory and are fast becoming a significant part of the combat forces apart from being used for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with days of endurance and inter-continental ranges with strike capability are redefining war doctrines and operational tactics. The Naval and Ground Forces are going to be new dominions of Unmanned Systems which was till now dominated by UAVs. The real turning point would be teaming up human and Autonomous Unmanned Systems, be it any battlespace. Another area would be collaboration of Air, Ground and Naval Heterogeneous Unmanned Systems with quick formation of operational autonomous teams. It is important to acknowledge that the human tactical judgement with critical information at hand cannot be replaced by algorithmic computations whether based on deterministic models or Artificial Intelligence. The so-called situational awareness can be comprehended better by a well-experienced battlefield commander rather than a laboratory-trained autonomous system. The teaming up would be challenging in complex situations, especially in identification of friend and foe, decoys, and in prioritising targets. The Autonomous Systems will need to learn to conserve energy and ammunition and have survival skills to tackle adverse situations. Another important domain would be the development of ‘autonomous by birth’ platforms that would outperform all manned platforms, especially large platforms. Inherently, the limitations of human attention duration and the biological necessities were major challenges for defence system designers. The Unmanned Autonomous Systems (UAS) overcome these limitations at the same time foregoing the unique human acumen and heuristic knowledge. The possibility of compactness, the risk-taking ability and immense endurance and range, and above all, the numbers that can be deployed outweigh every aspect. The domain of Unmanned Battlefield Systems is still in infancy and has pioneer advantage and hence will always define the leaders. The domain belongs to those who dare and don’t dither the unknowns and uncertainties. The simple rule for innovations in this domain would be to fail fast and develop faster.
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| 17 |
ID:
190211
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| Summary/Abstract |
Combat drones or Unmanned Combat Aerial Systems/Vehicles (UCAVs) refer to automated aerial vehicles, equipped with the capacity to carry and deploy lethal weapons such as missiles or bombs. They are characterised by their maximum take-off weight (less than 150 kgs, 150–600 kgs, and more than 600 kgs) or flight features (High Altitude Long Endurance, and Medium Altitude Long Endurance). Enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI), the use of these drones has become increasingly popular in combat and counter-terrorist missions. The relationship between AI and a lethal system like the UCAV has given rise to several ethical concerns which range from utilitarian apprehensions to anxieties over automation. This commentary aims to identify the key ethical dilemmas that the use of such drones presents to policymakers and defence leaders, and outlines various policy developments that tackle these dilemmas.
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